NUR2063 EXAM 1, 2 AND 3 NEWEST 2026 PACKAGE
DEAL| ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM TEST BANK WITH COMPLETE ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW!!)
Question 1
A patient with chronic alcoholism develops hypoglycemia and
lactic acidosis. Which cellular organelle is most likely impaired?
A) Nucleus
B) Smooth ER
C) Mitochondria
D) Ribosomes
Answer: C) Mitochondria
Rationale: Mitochondria are responsible for oxidative
phosphorylation and ATP production. Chronic alcohol use impairs
mitochondrial function, reducing ATP synthesis. This forces cells
1
,into anaerobic metabolism (producing lactic acid) and impairs
gluconeogenesis (causing hypoglycemia).
Question 2
In a patient with heart failure, cardiac myocytes undergo
hypertrophy. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Increased cell size
D) Dysplasia
Answer: C) Increased cell size
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size
without cell division. It occurs in response to increased workload,
such as in hypertension or heart failure. Hyperplasia is increased
cell number; metaplasia is one cell type replacing another;
dysplasia is abnormal cell growth.
2
,Question 3
Reperfusion injury after a myocardial infarction is primarily
mediated by:
A) Hypoxia-inducible factor
B) Reactive oxygen species
C) Glycolytic shift
D) Ribosomal degradation
Answer: B) Reactive oxygen species
Rationale: When oxygen is suddenly reintroduced to ischemic
tissue, it triggers the formation of reactive oxygen species (free
radicals) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. These
damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA, causing additional
cell death beyond the initial ischemic injury.
3
, Question 4
A liver biopsy from a patient with hepatitis shows normal
hepatocytes replaced by collagen. This process is called:
A) Apoptosis
B) Atrophy
C) Fibrosis
D) Fatty change
Answer: C) Fibrosis
Rationale: Fibrosis is the deposition of extracellular matrix
(collagen) by fibroblasts in response to chronic inflammation or
injury. It replaces functional parenchymal cells with scar tissue,
leading to loss of liver function.
Question 5
Which cellular change is irreversible and signifies cell death?
A) Ribosomal detachment
4
DEAL| ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM TEST BANK WITH COMPLETE ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW!!)
Question 1
A patient with chronic alcoholism develops hypoglycemia and
lactic acidosis. Which cellular organelle is most likely impaired?
A) Nucleus
B) Smooth ER
C) Mitochondria
D) Ribosomes
Answer: C) Mitochondria
Rationale: Mitochondria are responsible for oxidative
phosphorylation and ATP production. Chronic alcohol use impairs
mitochondrial function, reducing ATP synthesis. This forces cells
1
,into anaerobic metabolism (producing lactic acid) and impairs
gluconeogenesis (causing hypoglycemia).
Question 2
In a patient with heart failure, cardiac myocytes undergo
hypertrophy. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Increased cell size
D) Dysplasia
Answer: C) Increased cell size
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size
without cell division. It occurs in response to increased workload,
such as in hypertension or heart failure. Hyperplasia is increased
cell number; metaplasia is one cell type replacing another;
dysplasia is abnormal cell growth.
2
,Question 3
Reperfusion injury after a myocardial infarction is primarily
mediated by:
A) Hypoxia-inducible factor
B) Reactive oxygen species
C) Glycolytic shift
D) Ribosomal degradation
Answer: B) Reactive oxygen species
Rationale: When oxygen is suddenly reintroduced to ischemic
tissue, it triggers the formation of reactive oxygen species (free
radicals) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. These
damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA, causing additional
cell death beyond the initial ischemic injury.
3
, Question 4
A liver biopsy from a patient with hepatitis shows normal
hepatocytes replaced by collagen. This process is called:
A) Apoptosis
B) Atrophy
C) Fibrosis
D) Fatty change
Answer: C) Fibrosis
Rationale: Fibrosis is the deposition of extracellular matrix
(collagen) by fibroblasts in response to chronic inflammation or
injury. It replaces functional parenchymal cells with scar tissue,
leading to loss of liver function.
Question 5
Which cellular change is irreversible and signifies cell death?
A) Ribosomal detachment
4
