BIO 235 CHAPTER 4 ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY COMPLETE
STUDY GUIDE WITH HIGH-YIELD REVIEW QUESTIONS,
DETAILED ANSWER EXPLANATIONS AND RATIONALES, KEY
CONCEPT SUMMARIES, APPLICATION EXERCISES, AND
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM PREPARATION TOOLS – 2026/2027
LATEST UPDATED EDITION
Types of tissue - ANSWER-1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
Cell junction types - ANSWER-gap junctions, tight junctions,
desmosomes and hemidesomoes
tight junctions - ANSWER-weblike strands of transmembrane proteins
that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to
seal off passageways between adjacent cells
adherens junctions - ANSWER-contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins
on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to
membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.
Cadherins
,Desmosomes - ANSWER-cadherins+plaque. keratin. Prevent epidermal
cells from separating
Hemidesmosomes - ANSWER-attach epithelial cells to the basement
membrane
gap junctions - ANSWER-provide cytoplasmic channels between
adjacent animal cells, connexions
Epithelial Tissue VS. Connective tissue - ANSWER-1. Epithelial has many
packed cell compare to connective tissue
2. Epithelial cells don't have blood or nerve supply
Structure of Epithelial Tissue - ANSWER-1. Apical(surface) free, may
contains cilia
2. Lateral surface, faces adjacent cells. has, tight junction, adherin
junction, desmosomes and gap junction
3.Basal surface, basement layer
Basement layer - ANSWER-area between the epithelium and the
underlying connective tissue
Basement layer made up of - ANSWER-1. Basal Lamina, contains
collagen and lamina
,2. Reticular Lamina, contains lamina from fibroblast
avascular - ANSWER-no blood vessels
Epithelial divides into two groups - ANSWER-1. covering/lining
2. glandular (secretion)
Arrangement of cell in layer - ANSWER-Simple epithelium, single layer
of cell,
Pseudostratified epithelium - ANSWER-like simple but more layer
Stratified epithelium - ANSWER-2 layers
simple squamous epithelium - ANSWER-single layer of flattened cells
simple cuboidal epithelium - ANSWER-secretion and absorption
gladular epithelium - ANSWER-secretion, endocrine glands or exocrine
glands
, Functional Exocrine Glands - ANSWER-1. merocrine -secretion from ER.
as saliva
2. apocrine-pitch off
3. holocrine-cell falling apart
Connective tissue - ANSWER-A body tissue that provides support for
the body and connects all of its part. Stores energy, immune response.
Connective tissue has - ANSWER-1.Fibroblast
2.Macrophages
3.PLasma cells
4.Mast cells
5.Adipocytes
6. Leukocytes
Fibroblasts - ANSWER-In connective tissue, cells that secrete the
proteins of the fibers.
Plasma cells - ANSWER-produce antibodies
Mast cells - ANSWER-Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine)
that promote inflammation.
STUDY GUIDE WITH HIGH-YIELD REVIEW QUESTIONS,
DETAILED ANSWER EXPLANATIONS AND RATIONALES, KEY
CONCEPT SUMMARIES, APPLICATION EXERCISES, AND
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM PREPARATION TOOLS – 2026/2027
LATEST UPDATED EDITION
Types of tissue - ANSWER-1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
Cell junction types - ANSWER-gap junctions, tight junctions,
desmosomes and hemidesomoes
tight junctions - ANSWER-weblike strands of transmembrane proteins
that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to
seal off passageways between adjacent cells
adherens junctions - ANSWER-contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins
on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to
membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.
Cadherins
,Desmosomes - ANSWER-cadherins+plaque. keratin. Prevent epidermal
cells from separating
Hemidesmosomes - ANSWER-attach epithelial cells to the basement
membrane
gap junctions - ANSWER-provide cytoplasmic channels between
adjacent animal cells, connexions
Epithelial Tissue VS. Connective tissue - ANSWER-1. Epithelial has many
packed cell compare to connective tissue
2. Epithelial cells don't have blood or nerve supply
Structure of Epithelial Tissue - ANSWER-1. Apical(surface) free, may
contains cilia
2. Lateral surface, faces adjacent cells. has, tight junction, adherin
junction, desmosomes and gap junction
3.Basal surface, basement layer
Basement layer - ANSWER-area between the epithelium and the
underlying connective tissue
Basement layer made up of - ANSWER-1. Basal Lamina, contains
collagen and lamina
,2. Reticular Lamina, contains lamina from fibroblast
avascular - ANSWER-no blood vessels
Epithelial divides into two groups - ANSWER-1. covering/lining
2. glandular (secretion)
Arrangement of cell in layer - ANSWER-Simple epithelium, single layer
of cell,
Pseudostratified epithelium - ANSWER-like simple but more layer
Stratified epithelium - ANSWER-2 layers
simple squamous epithelium - ANSWER-single layer of flattened cells
simple cuboidal epithelium - ANSWER-secretion and absorption
gladular epithelium - ANSWER-secretion, endocrine glands or exocrine
glands
, Functional Exocrine Glands - ANSWER-1. merocrine -secretion from ER.
as saliva
2. apocrine-pitch off
3. holocrine-cell falling apart
Connective tissue - ANSWER-A body tissue that provides support for
the body and connects all of its part. Stores energy, immune response.
Connective tissue has - ANSWER-1.Fibroblast
2.Macrophages
3.PLasma cells
4.Mast cells
5.Adipocytes
6. Leukocytes
Fibroblasts - ANSWER-In connective tissue, cells that secrete the
proteins of the fibers.
Plasma cells - ANSWER-produce antibodies
Mast cells - ANSWER-Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine)
that promote inflammation.
