NSE 212 Midterm Exam UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is the significance of research and evidence-informed practice in Nursing - CORRECT ANSWER - Nursing
research is integral to the achievement of providing quality outcomes in partnership w/ patients, their families/ significant
others, and communities
- Nursing research gives specialized scientific knowledge and empowers nurses to anticipate/ meet the constantly
changing challenges and maintain the profession societal relevance
Explain the relationship between evidence-based, evidence-informed, research utilization and appraisal of research to
practice - CORRECT ANSWER - Nurses support and engage in research and other activities to promote safe,
competent, compassionate, and ethical care and use guidelines for ethical research that are in keeping of nursing values.
- Therefore, to use research (EIP), you may not be able to conduct it, but understand the steps of research and appraise it
to read it critically and also use it to inform your clinical decisions
Role of Nurse to research process - CORRECT ANSWER • Consumer: A consumer of research actively uses and
applies research, as a knowledgeable consumer, you must have knowledge about the relevant subject matter, the ability to
discriminate and to evaluate the information logically, and the ability to apply the knowledge gained
• Generator of clinical questions
• Investigator/participant in research
• Protector of research participants
Historical Perspectives Of Nursing Research - CORRECT ANSWER Florence Nightingale was the first nurse
researcher
• Key events of the 19th century
Nursing becomes a formal discipline.
Florence Nightingale publishes "Notes on Nursing" in 1860
Schools of nursing are beginning to be established
20th Century
Key events from 1900 to 1940
• Emphasis not on research but on preparation of nurses for practice
Key events from 1950 to 1960
• The American Nurses Association first publishes Nursing Research
• First master's program in nursing in Canada
Key events from 1960 to 1999
• First federally funded grant for nursing research
• 1st Center for Nursing Research McGill
• Doctoral programs Nursing research funding
21st Century History
Key events from 2000 to 2012
• Research Chair Awards are granted to nursing
• PhD programs in nursing are initiated at numerous universities across Canada.
Values, beliefs, and nature of knowledge - CORRECT ANSWER Each Question requires that clinicians and nurse
researchers engage in a knowledge development process that begins with...
o identification of knowledge gaps (the absence of theoretical or scientific knowledge relevant to the phenomenon of
interest
o Knowledge generation (the conduct of research that provides answers to well thought out research questions)
o knowledge distribution (distributed through journal articles, textbooks, and public presentations to nurses)
o Knowledge is adopted (as nurse alter their practice on the basis of published information or as health care orgs develop
policies and protocols that are informed by newly generated knowledge
o Knowledge review and revision (as new health issues arise, advances in clinical practice occur, or knowledge becomes
outdated)
Philosophical assumptions underlying the post-positivist paradigm
and characteristics of quantitative research - CORRECT ANSWER - All research is based on philosophical beliefs
about the world; these beliefs are the motivating values, concepts, principles, and the nature of human knowledge of an
individual, group, or culture, and they are the basis of a worldview or paradigm
- Philosophical beliefs of post-positivist paradigmà Ontology, epistemology, researchers values, methodology, aim of
inquiry, context
,What is Nursing Research? - CORRECT ANSWER Research is the systematic, rigorous, logical investigation with
the aim of answering questions about nursing phenomena
What is Nursing Phenomena? - CORRECT ANSWER Phenomena can be defined as occurrences, circumstances, or
facts that are perceptible by the senses.
Nursing Discipline - CORRECT ANSWER • Discipline unique body of scientific knowledge
• Forms the foundation for evidence-informed nursing practice
• nursing practice - clinical research, outcomes of care
• Allows practice to change with work environments and the most common health issues
• Maintains the profession societal relevance
nursing profession - job satisfaction, education, administration, etc
Evidence-Informed Practice - CORRECT ANSWER defined as the conscious and judicious use of the current
"best" evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide health care decisions
focuses on a more inclusive and interactive process
Example: Also involves acknowledging and considering local ways of knowing, Indigenous knowledge, cultural and
religious norms, and clinical judgement.
• Researchers must consider, for example, how Indigenous peoples' ways of knowing and being are based on relationships
between mind, body, emotion, and spirit of community members and the natural world.
Research Utilization (RU) - CORRECT ANSWER a subset of evidence-informed practice that focuses on the
application of research findings to improve patient care.
Evidence Based Practice - CORRECT ANSWER the conscious, explicit, and judicious use of the current best
evidence in the care of patients and the delivery of health care services.
Future Directions and Trends in Research - CORRECT ANSWER • Community based care
• Health promotion, risk reduction
• Reducing disparities in health care
• Research on older adults
• Interdisciplinary collaborative practice
• Use of technology
Needs of indigenous peoples
CNO Professional Standards Related to Research - CORRECT ANSWER • Use research to inform
practice/professional service
• Seek and critique theoretical and research-based literature in nursing, health services, etc.
• Integrate research findings into professional service and practice
• Use research based/informed approaches for application to practice
CNA Position Statement - CORRECT ANSWER • "CNA believes that nurses - including clinicians, educators,
researchers, administrators and policy-makers - must collaborate with other health-care stakeholders to facilitate
evidence-informed decision-making and practice". (CNA Position Statement, 2018, p. 1)
Individual Nurses - CORRECT ANSWER • Are positioned to provide optimal care by having acquired
competencies for evidence-informed nursing practice as part of their foundational education
• Read and critique evidence-informed literature (i.e., research articles, reports) in nursing, health sciences and related
disciplines
• Generate researchable questions and communicate them to their manager or clinical nurse leaders or associated
researchers
• Participate in or conduct research
• Evaluate and promote evidence-informed nursing practice
Entry-to-Practice Competencies for Registered Nurses 2020 - CORRECT ANSWER
Philosophical Foundations and Characteristics of Research - CORRECT ANSWER • The Nature of Knowledge
• Philosophical Foundations
• Paradigms
, • Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Theoretical & Empirical Knowledge - CORRECT ANSWER Commonly referred to as scientific knowledge
Theoretical knowing has to do with developing or testing theories or ideas
Empirical knowing involves observations (e.g delivering interventions, conducting surveys or questionnaires) about
reality
Philosophical Terms - CORRECT ANSWER Ontology
Epistemology
Methodology
Context
Aim of inquiry
Researchers Values
Paradigm - CORRECT ANSWER How the philosophical questions are answered depends on the nursing paradigm
used to guide the research process
• Post-positivist
• Critical theory
• Constructivist
Epistemology - CORRECT ANSWER Addresses the issue of "truth", what is knowledge, how do we know what
we know? What is the scope of knowledge?
R/T POST-POSITVISM
What is knowledge? How is knowledge acquired?
How do we know what we know?
• Researchers are naturally biased.
• Objectivity (controlled bias) is the ultimate goal.
• Objectivity encourages triangulation and replication of findings across multiple perspectives.
Objectivity encourages intense scrutiny of research findings from a larger community of scientists and the rejection of
poorly conducted research
Ontology - CORRECT ANSWER The science or studying of "being", "what can be said to exist, into what
categories can existing things be sorted?"
R/T POST-POSITIVISM
What can be said to exist? Into what categories can we sort existing things?
A material world exists. Not all things can be understood, sensed or placed into a cause-and-effect relationship.
The senses provide us with an imperfect understanding of the external/material world.
methodology - CORRECT ANSWER discipline-specific principles, rules, and procedures that guide the research
process
R/T Post-positivism.....
Within a particular discipline, what principles, rules, and procedures guide the process through which knowledge is
acquired?
Inquiry includes experimental, nonexperimental, and qualitative methods and is viewed as a series of logically related
steps. Research questions/hypotheses are proposed and subjected to empirical testing for the purpose of being proved
incorrect rather than correct.
Research is characterized by careful accounting for and control of factors that may influence research findings.
Research entails the use of qualitative methods to develop hypotheses about people's social world and the
meaning/purpose that people assign to their actions.
Context - CORRECT ANSWER Personal, social, political, environment where a phenomenon or thing of interest
occurs
R/T POSTPOSITIVSM
What biographical, life, social, and political factors may influence the research findings?
• Focus is on biographical context and its potential to influence research findings.
• Biographical context includes individual characteristics such as race, age, geographical location
it also accounts for past experiences in terms of both timing and content
Researchers Values - CORRECT ANSWER Values are the personal beliefs of the researcher
R/T POST-POSITIVISM
How do the researcher's values influence the knowledge development process?
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is the significance of research and evidence-informed practice in Nursing - CORRECT ANSWER - Nursing
research is integral to the achievement of providing quality outcomes in partnership w/ patients, their families/ significant
others, and communities
- Nursing research gives specialized scientific knowledge and empowers nurses to anticipate/ meet the constantly
changing challenges and maintain the profession societal relevance
Explain the relationship between evidence-based, evidence-informed, research utilization and appraisal of research to
practice - CORRECT ANSWER - Nurses support and engage in research and other activities to promote safe,
competent, compassionate, and ethical care and use guidelines for ethical research that are in keeping of nursing values.
- Therefore, to use research (EIP), you may not be able to conduct it, but understand the steps of research and appraise it
to read it critically and also use it to inform your clinical decisions
Role of Nurse to research process - CORRECT ANSWER • Consumer: A consumer of research actively uses and
applies research, as a knowledgeable consumer, you must have knowledge about the relevant subject matter, the ability to
discriminate and to evaluate the information logically, and the ability to apply the knowledge gained
• Generator of clinical questions
• Investigator/participant in research
• Protector of research participants
Historical Perspectives Of Nursing Research - CORRECT ANSWER Florence Nightingale was the first nurse
researcher
• Key events of the 19th century
Nursing becomes a formal discipline.
Florence Nightingale publishes "Notes on Nursing" in 1860
Schools of nursing are beginning to be established
20th Century
Key events from 1900 to 1940
• Emphasis not on research but on preparation of nurses for practice
Key events from 1950 to 1960
• The American Nurses Association first publishes Nursing Research
• First master's program in nursing in Canada
Key events from 1960 to 1999
• First federally funded grant for nursing research
• 1st Center for Nursing Research McGill
• Doctoral programs Nursing research funding
21st Century History
Key events from 2000 to 2012
• Research Chair Awards are granted to nursing
• PhD programs in nursing are initiated at numerous universities across Canada.
Values, beliefs, and nature of knowledge - CORRECT ANSWER Each Question requires that clinicians and nurse
researchers engage in a knowledge development process that begins with...
o identification of knowledge gaps (the absence of theoretical or scientific knowledge relevant to the phenomenon of
interest
o Knowledge generation (the conduct of research that provides answers to well thought out research questions)
o knowledge distribution (distributed through journal articles, textbooks, and public presentations to nurses)
o Knowledge is adopted (as nurse alter their practice on the basis of published information or as health care orgs develop
policies and protocols that are informed by newly generated knowledge
o Knowledge review and revision (as new health issues arise, advances in clinical practice occur, or knowledge becomes
outdated)
Philosophical assumptions underlying the post-positivist paradigm
and characteristics of quantitative research - CORRECT ANSWER - All research is based on philosophical beliefs
about the world; these beliefs are the motivating values, concepts, principles, and the nature of human knowledge of an
individual, group, or culture, and they are the basis of a worldview or paradigm
- Philosophical beliefs of post-positivist paradigmà Ontology, epistemology, researchers values, methodology, aim of
inquiry, context
,What is Nursing Research? - CORRECT ANSWER Research is the systematic, rigorous, logical investigation with
the aim of answering questions about nursing phenomena
What is Nursing Phenomena? - CORRECT ANSWER Phenomena can be defined as occurrences, circumstances, or
facts that are perceptible by the senses.
Nursing Discipline - CORRECT ANSWER • Discipline unique body of scientific knowledge
• Forms the foundation for evidence-informed nursing practice
• nursing practice - clinical research, outcomes of care
• Allows practice to change with work environments and the most common health issues
• Maintains the profession societal relevance
nursing profession - job satisfaction, education, administration, etc
Evidence-Informed Practice - CORRECT ANSWER defined as the conscious and judicious use of the current
"best" evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide health care decisions
focuses on a more inclusive and interactive process
Example: Also involves acknowledging and considering local ways of knowing, Indigenous knowledge, cultural and
religious norms, and clinical judgement.
• Researchers must consider, for example, how Indigenous peoples' ways of knowing and being are based on relationships
between mind, body, emotion, and spirit of community members and the natural world.
Research Utilization (RU) - CORRECT ANSWER a subset of evidence-informed practice that focuses on the
application of research findings to improve patient care.
Evidence Based Practice - CORRECT ANSWER the conscious, explicit, and judicious use of the current best
evidence in the care of patients and the delivery of health care services.
Future Directions and Trends in Research - CORRECT ANSWER • Community based care
• Health promotion, risk reduction
• Reducing disparities in health care
• Research on older adults
• Interdisciplinary collaborative practice
• Use of technology
Needs of indigenous peoples
CNO Professional Standards Related to Research - CORRECT ANSWER • Use research to inform
practice/professional service
• Seek and critique theoretical and research-based literature in nursing, health services, etc.
• Integrate research findings into professional service and practice
• Use research based/informed approaches for application to practice
CNA Position Statement - CORRECT ANSWER • "CNA believes that nurses - including clinicians, educators,
researchers, administrators and policy-makers - must collaborate with other health-care stakeholders to facilitate
evidence-informed decision-making and practice". (CNA Position Statement, 2018, p. 1)
Individual Nurses - CORRECT ANSWER • Are positioned to provide optimal care by having acquired
competencies for evidence-informed nursing practice as part of their foundational education
• Read and critique evidence-informed literature (i.e., research articles, reports) in nursing, health sciences and related
disciplines
• Generate researchable questions and communicate them to their manager or clinical nurse leaders or associated
researchers
• Participate in or conduct research
• Evaluate and promote evidence-informed nursing practice
Entry-to-Practice Competencies for Registered Nurses 2020 - CORRECT ANSWER
Philosophical Foundations and Characteristics of Research - CORRECT ANSWER • The Nature of Knowledge
• Philosophical Foundations
• Paradigms
, • Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Theoretical & Empirical Knowledge - CORRECT ANSWER Commonly referred to as scientific knowledge
Theoretical knowing has to do with developing or testing theories or ideas
Empirical knowing involves observations (e.g delivering interventions, conducting surveys or questionnaires) about
reality
Philosophical Terms - CORRECT ANSWER Ontology
Epistemology
Methodology
Context
Aim of inquiry
Researchers Values
Paradigm - CORRECT ANSWER How the philosophical questions are answered depends on the nursing paradigm
used to guide the research process
• Post-positivist
• Critical theory
• Constructivist
Epistemology - CORRECT ANSWER Addresses the issue of "truth", what is knowledge, how do we know what
we know? What is the scope of knowledge?
R/T POST-POSITVISM
What is knowledge? How is knowledge acquired?
How do we know what we know?
• Researchers are naturally biased.
• Objectivity (controlled bias) is the ultimate goal.
• Objectivity encourages triangulation and replication of findings across multiple perspectives.
Objectivity encourages intense scrutiny of research findings from a larger community of scientists and the rejection of
poorly conducted research
Ontology - CORRECT ANSWER The science or studying of "being", "what can be said to exist, into what
categories can existing things be sorted?"
R/T POST-POSITIVISM
What can be said to exist? Into what categories can we sort existing things?
A material world exists. Not all things can be understood, sensed or placed into a cause-and-effect relationship.
The senses provide us with an imperfect understanding of the external/material world.
methodology - CORRECT ANSWER discipline-specific principles, rules, and procedures that guide the research
process
R/T Post-positivism.....
Within a particular discipline, what principles, rules, and procedures guide the process through which knowledge is
acquired?
Inquiry includes experimental, nonexperimental, and qualitative methods and is viewed as a series of logically related
steps. Research questions/hypotheses are proposed and subjected to empirical testing for the purpose of being proved
incorrect rather than correct.
Research is characterized by careful accounting for and control of factors that may influence research findings.
Research entails the use of qualitative methods to develop hypotheses about people's social world and the
meaning/purpose that people assign to their actions.
Context - CORRECT ANSWER Personal, social, political, environment where a phenomenon or thing of interest
occurs
R/T POSTPOSITIVSM
What biographical, life, social, and political factors may influence the research findings?
• Focus is on biographical context and its potential to influence research findings.
• Biographical context includes individual characteristics such as race, age, geographical location
it also accounts for past experiences in terms of both timing and content
Researchers Values - CORRECT ANSWER Values are the personal beliefs of the researcher
R/T POST-POSITIVISM
How do the researcher's values influence the knowledge development process?
