CRIM 103 FINAL STUDY GUIDE
Juvenile Drug Use - Answers - can have negative health impacts, induce deviant
behaviour and chronic offending.
- 42% of juveniles consume alcohol
- 23% cigarettes
- 22% use cannabis
police reported rates of drug offences - Answers - - cannabis has a higher arrest rate
than any other drugs such as cocaine
- lots of other synthetic drugs being brought into the game and pushing out cocaine and
cannabis
illicit drugs, harrison and volstead act - Answers - - many currently illegal drugs were
once legitimately used e.g. freud and cocaine
- harrison narcotics act: prohibited opioid and cocaine production
- volstead act: prohibited production and consumption of alcohol
what causes illegal drug use theories - Answers - economic deprivation theory,
cognitive association theory, social psychological theory
economic deprivation theory - Answers - - drug use is a response to poverty related
social conditions
- drugs fulfill a need for status among users
- Drugs help users cope with harsh realities of poverty
and provide a sense of purpose
- Poor communities are saturated with illegal drugs
- drug culture has evolved into a sense of self esteem and respect
cognitive association theory - Answers - - Drug addiction derives from
negative effects that follow when
drug is removed rather than positive effects of drug itself
- includes addiction and withdrawal
social psychological theory - Answers - - expecting drugs to fix ones problems
- typical risk factors for delinquency and crime
- Many sociological and
psychological factors may
lead to drug use
tripartite conceptual model of drugs and crime - Answers - Psychopharmacological
Crime: Individuals become excitable or irrational as a direct
result of using drugs
,Systemic Crime:
Drug trafficking & distribution lead to violence or crime
Economically Compulsive Crime: Crime committed to support expensive drug addition
tolerance & dependance - Answers - tolerance: Progressively decreased
responsiveness to a drug
physical dependance: Changes in body that have occurred after repeated use and
require continued administration to avoid withdrawal symptoms
psychological dependance:
Primary PD: Overwhelming desire to use drug (positive
reinforcement)
• Secondary PD: Expectation of potential withdrawal effects
(negative reinforcement)
- people usually return to drug use because of psychological dependance not physical
4 categories of psychoactive drugs - Answers - hallucinogens, stimulants, opiate
narcotics, sedative hypnotics/depressants
hallucinogens (psychedelics) - Answers - - change in consciousness w/ alteration of
reality
- includes marijuanna, LSD, Phencyclidine (PCP)
Marijuana and Crime - Answers - - Most commonly-used illegal substance in the US;
formerly also in Canada
- Physical addiction only at very high doses and Psychological effects are subjective
- ray 3 stage learning process: 1-inhale deeply and hold smoke in lungs 2- identify affect
3 - label affect as pleasurable
- no causal link between
use of cannabis & criminal activity and may actually decrease criminal behaviour
because too relaxed
LSD (acid) - Answers - - 2% of grade 9-12 students report using LSD
- Clear, odorless, tasteless liquid Produced from acid in a fungus
- Causes hyperawareness & appreciation of stimuli, inc. hallucinations and possible
psychotic-like behaviour
- no physical dependance but fast producing tolerance
PCP (angel dust) - Answers - - downer effects, perceptual distortions, hallucinations,
upper effects e.g. hyperactivity
- Behaviour of users highly unpredictable e.g., delusion of superhuman strength,
persecution, grandiosity
- can be taken orally, snorted, injected or smoked
Stimulants - Answers - - meth, MDMA, cocaine
- stimulate Central Nervous System
, Methamphetamine (Meth) - Answers - - amphetamines affect sympathetic nervous
system
- 3 categories: amphetamines, dextroamphetamines,
methamphetamines
- meth carries the most health risks
- 1.9M 12+ year olds have used meth in the past year
- High potential for abuse; effects last up to 12 hrs
- in high doses, paranoia, anxiety, scratching at imaginary bugs, etc.
MDMA (ecstasy, molly) - Answers - - Synthetic drug, first manufactured as an appetite
suppressant
- Pill or powder form; effects last 4-6 hrs and can stay active for long time
- can cause permanent brain damage
- desirable affects: Euphoria, sense of affection & love, energy "rush
- adverse affects: Depression, anxiety, paranoia, sleeplessness, increased body temp,
kidney or heart failure, altered brain serotonin levels
Cocaine - Answers - - 2nd most commonly used illicit drug in US
- Physically & psychologically addictive
- mostly used in adult males aged 18-25
- desirable effects: improved mood, alertness, euphoria, sociability, confidence, energy
- negative effects: irritability, delirium, panic, hallucinations, aggression,
hallucinations, "coke bugs", psychosis, impotence, loss of smell, intestinal gangrene,
heart attacks, respiratory failure, strokes, seizures, coma
- cocaine + alcohol = cocethylene is Produced in liver; more toxic than either drug alone
and Most common 2-drug combination resulting in death
stimulants, cocaine and crime - Answers - - users are often aggressive or violent
- But users may be predisposed to violence
- High doses of cocaine can cause temporary paranoia
- non conclusive evidence that use leads to property or violent crime because of
expenses of the drug
Narcotics - Answers - - sedative and analgesic effect
- heroine, oxycontin/Vicodin
Heroin - Answers - - first produced from morphine
- 1.5 million chronic users in US
- heroine users primarily use it to avoid withdrawal symptoms than the actual effects of
the drug
- central nervous system depressant, usually do not become violent but is related to
money producing crimes like robbery
Oxycontin/Vicodin - Answers - - Prescription analgesics for pain control
- most widely abused prescription drug
- Effects similar to heroin
Juvenile Drug Use - Answers - can have negative health impacts, induce deviant
behaviour and chronic offending.
- 42% of juveniles consume alcohol
- 23% cigarettes
- 22% use cannabis
police reported rates of drug offences - Answers - - cannabis has a higher arrest rate
than any other drugs such as cocaine
- lots of other synthetic drugs being brought into the game and pushing out cocaine and
cannabis
illicit drugs, harrison and volstead act - Answers - - many currently illegal drugs were
once legitimately used e.g. freud and cocaine
- harrison narcotics act: prohibited opioid and cocaine production
- volstead act: prohibited production and consumption of alcohol
what causes illegal drug use theories - Answers - economic deprivation theory,
cognitive association theory, social psychological theory
economic deprivation theory - Answers - - drug use is a response to poverty related
social conditions
- drugs fulfill a need for status among users
- Drugs help users cope with harsh realities of poverty
and provide a sense of purpose
- Poor communities are saturated with illegal drugs
- drug culture has evolved into a sense of self esteem and respect
cognitive association theory - Answers - - Drug addiction derives from
negative effects that follow when
drug is removed rather than positive effects of drug itself
- includes addiction and withdrawal
social psychological theory - Answers - - expecting drugs to fix ones problems
- typical risk factors for delinquency and crime
- Many sociological and
psychological factors may
lead to drug use
tripartite conceptual model of drugs and crime - Answers - Psychopharmacological
Crime: Individuals become excitable or irrational as a direct
result of using drugs
,Systemic Crime:
Drug trafficking & distribution lead to violence or crime
Economically Compulsive Crime: Crime committed to support expensive drug addition
tolerance & dependance - Answers - tolerance: Progressively decreased
responsiveness to a drug
physical dependance: Changes in body that have occurred after repeated use and
require continued administration to avoid withdrawal symptoms
psychological dependance:
Primary PD: Overwhelming desire to use drug (positive
reinforcement)
• Secondary PD: Expectation of potential withdrawal effects
(negative reinforcement)
- people usually return to drug use because of psychological dependance not physical
4 categories of psychoactive drugs - Answers - hallucinogens, stimulants, opiate
narcotics, sedative hypnotics/depressants
hallucinogens (psychedelics) - Answers - - change in consciousness w/ alteration of
reality
- includes marijuanna, LSD, Phencyclidine (PCP)
Marijuana and Crime - Answers - - Most commonly-used illegal substance in the US;
formerly also in Canada
- Physical addiction only at very high doses and Psychological effects are subjective
- ray 3 stage learning process: 1-inhale deeply and hold smoke in lungs 2- identify affect
3 - label affect as pleasurable
- no causal link between
use of cannabis & criminal activity and may actually decrease criminal behaviour
because too relaxed
LSD (acid) - Answers - - 2% of grade 9-12 students report using LSD
- Clear, odorless, tasteless liquid Produced from acid in a fungus
- Causes hyperawareness & appreciation of stimuli, inc. hallucinations and possible
psychotic-like behaviour
- no physical dependance but fast producing tolerance
PCP (angel dust) - Answers - - downer effects, perceptual distortions, hallucinations,
upper effects e.g. hyperactivity
- Behaviour of users highly unpredictable e.g., delusion of superhuman strength,
persecution, grandiosity
- can be taken orally, snorted, injected or smoked
Stimulants - Answers - - meth, MDMA, cocaine
- stimulate Central Nervous System
, Methamphetamine (Meth) - Answers - - amphetamines affect sympathetic nervous
system
- 3 categories: amphetamines, dextroamphetamines,
methamphetamines
- meth carries the most health risks
- 1.9M 12+ year olds have used meth in the past year
- High potential for abuse; effects last up to 12 hrs
- in high doses, paranoia, anxiety, scratching at imaginary bugs, etc.
MDMA (ecstasy, molly) - Answers - - Synthetic drug, first manufactured as an appetite
suppressant
- Pill or powder form; effects last 4-6 hrs and can stay active for long time
- can cause permanent brain damage
- desirable affects: Euphoria, sense of affection & love, energy "rush
- adverse affects: Depression, anxiety, paranoia, sleeplessness, increased body temp,
kidney or heart failure, altered brain serotonin levels
Cocaine - Answers - - 2nd most commonly used illicit drug in US
- Physically & psychologically addictive
- mostly used in adult males aged 18-25
- desirable effects: improved mood, alertness, euphoria, sociability, confidence, energy
- negative effects: irritability, delirium, panic, hallucinations, aggression,
hallucinations, "coke bugs", psychosis, impotence, loss of smell, intestinal gangrene,
heart attacks, respiratory failure, strokes, seizures, coma
- cocaine + alcohol = cocethylene is Produced in liver; more toxic than either drug alone
and Most common 2-drug combination resulting in death
stimulants, cocaine and crime - Answers - - users are often aggressive or violent
- But users may be predisposed to violence
- High doses of cocaine can cause temporary paranoia
- non conclusive evidence that use leads to property or violent crime because of
expenses of the drug
Narcotics - Answers - - sedative and analgesic effect
- heroine, oxycontin/Vicodin
Heroin - Answers - - first produced from morphine
- 1.5 million chronic users in US
- heroine users primarily use it to avoid withdrawal symptoms than the actual effects of
the drug
- central nervous system depressant, usually do not become violent but is related to
money producing crimes like robbery
Oxycontin/Vicodin - Answers - - Prescription analgesics for pain control
- most widely abused prescription drug
- Effects similar to heroin
