NU 327 Patho Exam 4 Study Guide || Most
Recent Exam 2026/27 || Actual Complete Real Exam
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what are the treatment implications of heart failure? -
ANSWER-lifestyle
modifications
-limit fluid (daily weights)
-limit salt (1.5 grams sodium per day)
-limit cholesterol
-limit alcohol
-exercise (daily walking regimen)
medications
-diuretics: decrease preload, be careful-- hypokalemia, daily
weights
-angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs): decreased
afterload, inhibit
RAAS, be careful, hyperkalemia, angioedema, cough
* may need angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBS)
(normal potassium levels 3.6-5.2)
,-beta-adrenergic blockers: inhibit SNS, decrease HR and
vasoconstriction, careful-- not if pt has bradycardia, AV block,
or hypotension
-inotropic agents: increase contractility, ALERT-- before
administering digitalis, apical pulse for 1 min, watch K+ levels
-synthetic natriuretics: decrease pulmonary edema
-nitrates: arterial and venous dilators, enhance coronary
circulation, decrease workload, decrease BP, be careful-- viagra
-arterial vasodilators: decrease afterload and workload
Interventional cardiology:
-cardiac resynchronization therapy
-intra-aortic balloon pump
-cardiac assist device
-cardiac transplantation
what is the function of the valves? - ANSWER-prevent the
backward flow of
blood
what is stenosis? - ANSWER--failure of a valve to
open completely
-increased work because blood must be forced through
high resistance
-usually progresses slowly giving heart time to
compensate (hypertrophy)
, what is regurgitation? - ANSWER--failure of a valve to
completely close
-back flow of blood into the previous
chamber
-increased workload and
hypertrophy
what is prolapse? - ANSWER--valve balloons backward into
the supplying
chamber
describe mitral stenosis - ANSWER-** same signs of HF
-common
-rheumatic fever or calcification
-stiff valve impedes blood flow
-increase LA pressure
-atrial hypertrophy
-increased pulm. resistance, leads to pulm HTN, RV
hypertrophy and failure -clinical manifestations are due to
pulm. congestion and increased left atria pressure
-cough, DOE, orthopnea, PND, murmur at apex -
dx/treatment:
-echocardiogram (transthoracic, transesophageal)
-medications
-surgery (prosthetic valve, preventive antibiotics)
describe mitral regurgitation - ANSWER-insufficiency
-usually MI
Recent Exam 2026/27 || Actual Complete Real Exam
Questions And Correct Detailed Answers (Verified
Answers) Already Graded A+ | Guaranteed Success!!
Newest Exam | Just Released!! | Instant Download
what are the treatment implications of heart failure? -
ANSWER-lifestyle
modifications
-limit fluid (daily weights)
-limit salt (1.5 grams sodium per day)
-limit cholesterol
-limit alcohol
-exercise (daily walking regimen)
medications
-diuretics: decrease preload, be careful-- hypokalemia, daily
weights
-angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs): decreased
afterload, inhibit
RAAS, be careful, hyperkalemia, angioedema, cough
* may need angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBS)
(normal potassium levels 3.6-5.2)
,-beta-adrenergic blockers: inhibit SNS, decrease HR and
vasoconstriction, careful-- not if pt has bradycardia, AV block,
or hypotension
-inotropic agents: increase contractility, ALERT-- before
administering digitalis, apical pulse for 1 min, watch K+ levels
-synthetic natriuretics: decrease pulmonary edema
-nitrates: arterial and venous dilators, enhance coronary
circulation, decrease workload, decrease BP, be careful-- viagra
-arterial vasodilators: decrease afterload and workload
Interventional cardiology:
-cardiac resynchronization therapy
-intra-aortic balloon pump
-cardiac assist device
-cardiac transplantation
what is the function of the valves? - ANSWER-prevent the
backward flow of
blood
what is stenosis? - ANSWER--failure of a valve to
open completely
-increased work because blood must be forced through
high resistance
-usually progresses slowly giving heart time to
compensate (hypertrophy)
, what is regurgitation? - ANSWER--failure of a valve to
completely close
-back flow of blood into the previous
chamber
-increased workload and
hypertrophy
what is prolapse? - ANSWER--valve balloons backward into
the supplying
chamber
describe mitral stenosis - ANSWER-** same signs of HF
-common
-rheumatic fever or calcification
-stiff valve impedes blood flow
-increase LA pressure
-atrial hypertrophy
-increased pulm. resistance, leads to pulm HTN, RV
hypertrophy and failure -clinical manifestations are due to
pulm. congestion and increased left atria pressure
-cough, DOE, orthopnea, PND, murmur at apex -
dx/treatment:
-echocardiogram (transthoracic, transesophageal)
-medications
-surgery (prosthetic valve, preventive antibiotics)
describe mitral regurgitation - ANSWER-insufficiency
-usually MI
