MICR 484 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is One Health and its benefits - ANSWER Intersects human, animal and
environmental health
-prevents outbreaks of ZDs in animals and human
-improving food safety and security
- reducing anti-microbial resistance
- Protecting global health security, biodiversity, and conservation
Importance of One Health in preventing and controlling outbreaks - ANSWER
Agricultural sector- rules for animal care to lower food borne outbreaks
Natural Environment- rules for water sanitation and garbage disposal
Community- campaigns to educate people on sanitation
Role of environment in One Health - ANSWER Natural processes and human
stressors such as erosion, earthquakes, climate change and decreased
biodiversity can lead to decreased environmental health leading to increased
disease in animals and humans
- reservoirs, processes (interactions) health mediators (temp, humidity can
impact disease shedding)
Stressors that Affect Environmental Health - ANSWER Land use change
- Fragmentation, agricultural expansion and urbanization = more animal human
interactions and emergence of ZDs
Biodiversity
- high biodiversity protects against risk of ZDs by regulating hosts, reservoirs
and vectors
Climate Change
-Habitat Alterations, Rising temps, extreme weather events = Organisms migrate
to new areas and decrease in immunity
Pollution
-air and water pollution lower immunity and spread ZDs
Bartonella henselae Transmission - ANSWER Transmits to animals- maintained
and spread among cats by flea bites/droppings
Transmits to humans - bites and scratches, contact with saliva on wound
Bartonella pathogenesis - ANSWER The bacteria replicates at the site of
inoculation, then spreads to the bloodstream.
, It can then reinfect blood vessel linings or invade RBCs, persisting for weeks.
A chronic infection is possible, especially in
those with weakened immune systems.
Can spread to other tissues (eyes, spleen CNS)
Bartonella Clinical Manifestations - ANSWER in cats: usually asymptomatic - self
limiting fibrile illness
in humans: development of a small localized papule days after inoculation,
followed by mild self-limiting fever and lymph node swelling
serious: neuroretinitis, ocularglandular syndrome, vascular lesions
Bartonella Diagnosis - ANSWER Serological tests (IFA and EIA for IgG) and
molecular assays (PCR) on tissue/pus samples from affected lymph nodes. Both
acute (immediately) and convalescent (after 3-6 weeks) serological tests:
Determines if infection is current or old; if current antibody levels increase, if old
antibody level stay same.
Bartonella Treatment - ANSWER self limiting, antibiotics in immunocompromised
and severe form ( no vaccine)
Bartonella Prevention - ANSWER - avoiding rough play with cats and washing
scratches or bites immediately.
- Keeping cats indoors can also help reduce risks of flea and infections.
- Those who are immunocompromised should avoid playing with or owning
young cats.
Pasturella multocida Transmission - ANSWER Transmitted to humans mainly
through animal bites or contact with nasal secretions.
It can also occur from licking skin abrasions or mucosal surfaces.
Pets especially, cats and dogs, can carry the bacteria without showing
symptoms.
Pasteurella Pathogenesis - ANSWER The bacteria's capsule can aid in
adherence (colonization), evades immune detection, and inhibits phagocytosis
and opsonization. The capsule is classified into serogroups A-F; A&D most
common in human infections.
Additional virulence factors include lipopolysaccharides that enhance immune
evasion, Fe-acquisition proteins, and P. multocida toxin (PMT) which disrupts
cellular signalling and causes tissue damage.
Pasteurella Manifestation - ANSWER in animals; part of normal flora -
asymptomatic
in humans: superficial swelling + inflammation, and bacteremia + meninitis for at
risk pops
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is One Health and its benefits - ANSWER Intersects human, animal and
environmental health
-prevents outbreaks of ZDs in animals and human
-improving food safety and security
- reducing anti-microbial resistance
- Protecting global health security, biodiversity, and conservation
Importance of One Health in preventing and controlling outbreaks - ANSWER
Agricultural sector- rules for animal care to lower food borne outbreaks
Natural Environment- rules for water sanitation and garbage disposal
Community- campaigns to educate people on sanitation
Role of environment in One Health - ANSWER Natural processes and human
stressors such as erosion, earthquakes, climate change and decreased
biodiversity can lead to decreased environmental health leading to increased
disease in animals and humans
- reservoirs, processes (interactions) health mediators (temp, humidity can
impact disease shedding)
Stressors that Affect Environmental Health - ANSWER Land use change
- Fragmentation, agricultural expansion and urbanization = more animal human
interactions and emergence of ZDs
Biodiversity
- high biodiversity protects against risk of ZDs by regulating hosts, reservoirs
and vectors
Climate Change
-Habitat Alterations, Rising temps, extreme weather events = Organisms migrate
to new areas and decrease in immunity
Pollution
-air and water pollution lower immunity and spread ZDs
Bartonella henselae Transmission - ANSWER Transmits to animals- maintained
and spread among cats by flea bites/droppings
Transmits to humans - bites and scratches, contact with saliva on wound
Bartonella pathogenesis - ANSWER The bacteria replicates at the site of
inoculation, then spreads to the bloodstream.
, It can then reinfect blood vessel linings or invade RBCs, persisting for weeks.
A chronic infection is possible, especially in
those with weakened immune systems.
Can spread to other tissues (eyes, spleen CNS)
Bartonella Clinical Manifestations - ANSWER in cats: usually asymptomatic - self
limiting fibrile illness
in humans: development of a small localized papule days after inoculation,
followed by mild self-limiting fever and lymph node swelling
serious: neuroretinitis, ocularglandular syndrome, vascular lesions
Bartonella Diagnosis - ANSWER Serological tests (IFA and EIA for IgG) and
molecular assays (PCR) on tissue/pus samples from affected lymph nodes. Both
acute (immediately) and convalescent (after 3-6 weeks) serological tests:
Determines if infection is current or old; if current antibody levels increase, if old
antibody level stay same.
Bartonella Treatment - ANSWER self limiting, antibiotics in immunocompromised
and severe form ( no vaccine)
Bartonella Prevention - ANSWER - avoiding rough play with cats and washing
scratches or bites immediately.
- Keeping cats indoors can also help reduce risks of flea and infections.
- Those who are immunocompromised should avoid playing with or owning
young cats.
Pasturella multocida Transmission - ANSWER Transmitted to humans mainly
through animal bites or contact with nasal secretions.
It can also occur from licking skin abrasions or mucosal surfaces.
Pets especially, cats and dogs, can carry the bacteria without showing
symptoms.
Pasteurella Pathogenesis - ANSWER The bacteria's capsule can aid in
adherence (colonization), evades immune detection, and inhibits phagocytosis
and opsonization. The capsule is classified into serogroups A-F; A&D most
common in human infections.
Additional virulence factors include lipopolysaccharides that enhance immune
evasion, Fe-acquisition proteins, and P. multocida toxin (PMT) which disrupts
cellular signalling and causes tissue damage.
Pasteurella Manifestation - ANSWER in animals; part of normal flora -
asymptomatic
in humans: superficial swelling + inflammation, and bacteremia + meninitis for at
risk pops
