NU 327 Final Exam |Questions &
Answers |Latest Already Graded A+
UPDATE 2026
Normal RBC Count -Correct Answer ✔-Female = 4.2-5.4
Male = 4.5-6.2
Normal WBC Count -Correct Answer ✔-Female = 4,500-11,000
Male = 5,000-10,000
Normal Hematocrit -Correct Answer ✔-Female = 37-47%
Male = 42-52%
Normal Hemoglobin -Correct Answer ✔-Female = 12-16
Male = 14-18
Normal Sodium (Na+) -Correct Answer ✔-Adults = 135-145 mEq/L
Normal Potassium (K+) -Correct Answer ✔-Adults = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal Total Cholesterol -Correct Answer ✔-<200 mg/dL
Normal HDLs -Correct Answer ✔-Female >55 mg/dL
Male >45 mg/dL
(these are protective levels)
Normal LDLs -Correct Answer ✔-Beneficial <100 mg/dL
Harmful >160 mg/dL
Normal Troponin -Correct Answer ✔-<0.01 ng/mL
Normal BNP -Correct Answer ✔-<100 indicates no Heart Failure
Normal Ejection Fraction (EF) -Correct Answer ✔-60-80%
Normal Creatinine -Correct Answer ✔-Female = 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
Male = 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
(reflects GFR for renal function)
,Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) -Correct Answer ✔-10-20 mg/dL
(indirect measure of overall hydration)
Normal pH Range -Correct Answer ✔-7.35-7.45
Absolute pH -Correct Answer ✔-7.4
Normal PaCO2 Range -Correct Answer ✔-35-45 mmHg
(acid)
Normal HCO3- Range (Bicarb.) -Correct Answer ✔-22-26 mEq/L
(base)
Normal PaO2 Range -Correct Answer ✔-80-100 mmHg
Normal SaO2 Range -Correct Answer ✔-95-100%
Normal Blood Pressure Range -Correct Answer ✔-120/80-140/90
Normal V/Q Ratio -Correct Answer ✔-V = 4 L/min
Q = 5 L/min
V/Q = 0.8
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Components & Functions -Correct Answer ✔-- composed of brain + spinal cord
bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- receives and processes sensory information and creates responses to be
relayed to muscles/glands
- the site of emotion, memory, cognition, learning
- protected by the skull & vertebrae, CSF, blood-brain barrier, meninges (dura
mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
Cerebrum -Correct Answer ✔-- largest part of the brain
- sensory & motor activities
- motor coordination
- R & L hemispheres
- 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
Cerebellum -Correct Answer ✔-- beneath the cerebrum, base of the brain
- coordinates muscle movements
,- controls posture
- maintains equilibrium
Brain Stem -Correct Answer ✔-- composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
- pupillary reflexes and eye movements
- respirations
- cardiac, vasomotor functions
Spinal Cord -Correct Answer ✔-- extends from the brain to second lumbar
vertebrae
- 2-way conduction between brain and PNS
- gray matter - neuron cell bodies
- white matter - nerve tracts
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Composition & Functions -Correct Answer ✔-- messages transmitted through the
spinal cord reach their target organs through the PNS
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Composition & Functions -Correct Answer ✔-- composed of the Sympathetic NS
and the Parasympathetic NS
- digestion, respirations, cardiovascular, supports homeostasis
Sympathetic Nervous System
Functions & Effects -Correct Answer ✔-- speeds up
- adrenergic catecholamines norepinephrine
- dilates pupil
- inhibits flow of saliva
- accelerates heartbeat
- dilates bronchi
- inhibits peristalsis and secretion
- conversion of glycogen to glucose
- secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
- inhibits bladder contraction
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Functions & Effects -Correct Answer ✔-- slows down
- cholinergic neurohormone acetylcholine
- constricts pupil
- stimulates flow of saliva
, - slows heartbeat
- constricts bronchi
- stimulates peristalsis and secretion
- stimulates release of bile
- contracts bladder
Primary Brain Injury -Correct Answer ✔-- occurs immediately at the onset of brain
injury
- little can be done to reverse
- sudden damage to tissue
Secondary Brain Injury -Correct Answer ✔-- development of further neurological
damage
- day-weeks after initial injury
- delayed cell death may involve necrosis
Hypoxia -Correct Answer ✔-- an O2 deficiency at the cellular level
Hypoxemia -Correct Answer ✔-- an O2 deficiency in the blood
Ischemia -Correct Answer ✔-- occurs when the deliver of oxygenated blood is
below the level needed to meet metabolic demands
- cellular energy failure
- excitatory amino acids
- reperfusion injury
- abnormal autoregulation
Cellular Energy Failure (R/T Ischemia) -Correct Answer ✔-- neuronal tissue
highly sensitive to O2 deprivation b/c of great ATP reuirements and very limited
capacity for anaerobic metabolism during ischemia
- normal brain recieves 15% of total CO
- gathers 20% of body's O2 consumption
- brain is only 2% of total body weight
- 5-10 mins of ATP loss is necessary for irreversible brain damage
Excitatory Amino Acids (R/T Ischemia) -Correct Answer ✔-- XS release of
excitatory amino acids is thought to contribute to Ca2+ overload during acute
brain injury
- Ca2+ is a critical event leading to cell dysfunction, cell necrosis, membrane
damage
Answers |Latest Already Graded A+
UPDATE 2026
Normal RBC Count -Correct Answer ✔-Female = 4.2-5.4
Male = 4.5-6.2
Normal WBC Count -Correct Answer ✔-Female = 4,500-11,000
Male = 5,000-10,000
Normal Hematocrit -Correct Answer ✔-Female = 37-47%
Male = 42-52%
Normal Hemoglobin -Correct Answer ✔-Female = 12-16
Male = 14-18
Normal Sodium (Na+) -Correct Answer ✔-Adults = 135-145 mEq/L
Normal Potassium (K+) -Correct Answer ✔-Adults = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal Total Cholesterol -Correct Answer ✔-<200 mg/dL
Normal HDLs -Correct Answer ✔-Female >55 mg/dL
Male >45 mg/dL
(these are protective levels)
Normal LDLs -Correct Answer ✔-Beneficial <100 mg/dL
Harmful >160 mg/dL
Normal Troponin -Correct Answer ✔-<0.01 ng/mL
Normal BNP -Correct Answer ✔-<100 indicates no Heart Failure
Normal Ejection Fraction (EF) -Correct Answer ✔-60-80%
Normal Creatinine -Correct Answer ✔-Female = 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
Male = 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
(reflects GFR for renal function)
,Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) -Correct Answer ✔-10-20 mg/dL
(indirect measure of overall hydration)
Normal pH Range -Correct Answer ✔-7.35-7.45
Absolute pH -Correct Answer ✔-7.4
Normal PaCO2 Range -Correct Answer ✔-35-45 mmHg
(acid)
Normal HCO3- Range (Bicarb.) -Correct Answer ✔-22-26 mEq/L
(base)
Normal PaO2 Range -Correct Answer ✔-80-100 mmHg
Normal SaO2 Range -Correct Answer ✔-95-100%
Normal Blood Pressure Range -Correct Answer ✔-120/80-140/90
Normal V/Q Ratio -Correct Answer ✔-V = 4 L/min
Q = 5 L/min
V/Q = 0.8
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Components & Functions -Correct Answer ✔-- composed of brain + spinal cord
bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- receives and processes sensory information and creates responses to be
relayed to muscles/glands
- the site of emotion, memory, cognition, learning
- protected by the skull & vertebrae, CSF, blood-brain barrier, meninges (dura
mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
Cerebrum -Correct Answer ✔-- largest part of the brain
- sensory & motor activities
- motor coordination
- R & L hemispheres
- 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
Cerebellum -Correct Answer ✔-- beneath the cerebrum, base of the brain
- coordinates muscle movements
,- controls posture
- maintains equilibrium
Brain Stem -Correct Answer ✔-- composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
- pupillary reflexes and eye movements
- respirations
- cardiac, vasomotor functions
Spinal Cord -Correct Answer ✔-- extends from the brain to second lumbar
vertebrae
- 2-way conduction between brain and PNS
- gray matter - neuron cell bodies
- white matter - nerve tracts
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Composition & Functions -Correct Answer ✔-- messages transmitted through the
spinal cord reach their target organs through the PNS
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Composition & Functions -Correct Answer ✔-- composed of the Sympathetic NS
and the Parasympathetic NS
- digestion, respirations, cardiovascular, supports homeostasis
Sympathetic Nervous System
Functions & Effects -Correct Answer ✔-- speeds up
- adrenergic catecholamines norepinephrine
- dilates pupil
- inhibits flow of saliva
- accelerates heartbeat
- dilates bronchi
- inhibits peristalsis and secretion
- conversion of glycogen to glucose
- secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
- inhibits bladder contraction
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Functions & Effects -Correct Answer ✔-- slows down
- cholinergic neurohormone acetylcholine
- constricts pupil
- stimulates flow of saliva
, - slows heartbeat
- constricts bronchi
- stimulates peristalsis and secretion
- stimulates release of bile
- contracts bladder
Primary Brain Injury -Correct Answer ✔-- occurs immediately at the onset of brain
injury
- little can be done to reverse
- sudden damage to tissue
Secondary Brain Injury -Correct Answer ✔-- development of further neurological
damage
- day-weeks after initial injury
- delayed cell death may involve necrosis
Hypoxia -Correct Answer ✔-- an O2 deficiency at the cellular level
Hypoxemia -Correct Answer ✔-- an O2 deficiency in the blood
Ischemia -Correct Answer ✔-- occurs when the deliver of oxygenated blood is
below the level needed to meet metabolic demands
- cellular energy failure
- excitatory amino acids
- reperfusion injury
- abnormal autoregulation
Cellular Energy Failure (R/T Ischemia) -Correct Answer ✔-- neuronal tissue
highly sensitive to O2 deprivation b/c of great ATP reuirements and very limited
capacity for anaerobic metabolism during ischemia
- normal brain recieves 15% of total CO
- gathers 20% of body's O2 consumption
- brain is only 2% of total body weight
- 5-10 mins of ATP loss is necessary for irreversible brain damage
Excitatory Amino Acids (R/T Ischemia) -Correct Answer ✔-- XS release of
excitatory amino acids is thought to contribute to Ca2+ overload during acute
brain injury
- Ca2+ is a critical event leading to cell dysfunction, cell necrosis, membrane
damage
