PNB 2265 PRACTICAL || 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Sickle cell anemia correct answers Due to a recessive allele causing a change in one amino acid
of the beta chain of the hemoglobin molecule
• This causes the cell to form a 'sickle' shape due to lack of oxygen (hence bad oxygen carriers)
• Sickled cells can clog capillaries
Polycythemia correct answers An abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes (blood
cells)thus increasing the blood viscosity
• Main cause is bone marrow cancer
• Sx: dizziness and a high red blood cell count (6‐8 million RBC/mm3)
• A hematocrit may be as high as 80% (the normal range is around 45%)
Infectious mononucleosis correct answers - caused by the infection of B-lymphocytes by the
Epstein-barr virus
-lymphocytes take on a reactive phenotype-->they are larger with a distinct nucleus
-have cytoplasmic extensions, or skirting of cytoplasm around RBC's
Leukemia correct answers A type off cancer that involves an overproduction of leukocytes which
are immature and or abnormal in production and lack normal function
• The white blood cells can be:
• myelogenous cells ‐produced in the bone marrow,
• lymphogenous cells ‐produced in the lymphoid tissue
• undifferentiated cell
Hemoglobin correct answers The oxygen‐carrying pigment and main component of red blood
cells
For adult humans, normal hemoglobin values are 11.0 ‐16.0 gm % for females, and 13.0 ‐18.0
gm% for males (gm% is grams of Hb/100 ml blood)
A variety of conditions (dietary, geographical, smoking, exercise, recumbency, etc.) can affect
hemoglobin value
Hematocrit correct answers The packed red cell volume (PRCV) or hematocrit is a test used to
determine what portion of a blood sample is composed of red blood cells (RBC)
(Packed RBC)/ Total Volume x 100= PRCV
Normal hematocrit levels correct answers 47% men
42% women
hematocrit for dehydration correct answers -number of RBC's arent affected, but there is a
decrease in total blood fluid volume
-so increased hematocrit because RBC's are a larger % of the total volume
hemolytic anemia hematocrit correct answers - disease where RBC's are destroyed and removed
from circulation
-decreased hematocrit
, Blood doping correct answers Used to increase the number of RBC in the blood stream and has
been used in sports such as cycling
-Remove blood from body, remove plasma from blood, put RBCs back into body
-Advantages- get more oxygen because of more RBC
-Disadvantages- increases viscosity, risk of heart attack
What disease/symptom could elevated levels of hemoglobin indicate? correct answers Anemia,
hemorrhage, polycythemia
Major components of ECG correct answers P wave- atria depolarization
QRS complex- atria repolarization, ventricular depolarization
T wave- ventricular repolarization
Heart sounds correct answers 1st (lub)- closure of AV valve during ventricular systole, occurs
when ventricular pressure exxceeds atrial pressure
2nd (dub)- closure of SL valve during ventricular diastole, when the pressure in the aorta exceeds
left ventricular pressure
Right bundle branch block (RBBB) correct answers Defect in the electrical conduction system of
the heart
Myocardium in the right ventricle is depolarized later than those in left ventricle
Equation for heart rate correct answers HR= 60/t
HR= heart rate
t= time interval (seconds)
Comment on the heights of P, QRS, and T waves when comparing among each other correct
answers The QRS wave is significantly taller than the P and T waves. The P and T waves are
essentially equal in height because they are reflective of depolarizing the atria and repolarizing
the ventricles respectively
Diastolic pressure correct answers Between contractions, when the heart is relaxing and filling
with blood, the pressure is at its lowest
Systolic pressure correct answers The greatest force (highest pressure) occurs during contraction
Normal resting HR: 60-90 bpm. A trained athlete could have a resting HR of 45-60. Why might
a very fit person have a slower HR than someone of average fitness? correct answers They have
a larger stroke volume which means they will have a lower heart rate
What interval is most likely to vary to adjust the heart rate? correct answers T-P segment
Explain why ventricular contraction and the lub sound occur immediately after the QRS complex
correct answers Sound is a mechanical event which always follows an electrical event such as
ventricular contraction. The lub sound occurs immediately after the QRS complex because it is
Sickle cell anemia correct answers Due to a recessive allele causing a change in one amino acid
of the beta chain of the hemoglobin molecule
• This causes the cell to form a 'sickle' shape due to lack of oxygen (hence bad oxygen carriers)
• Sickled cells can clog capillaries
Polycythemia correct answers An abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes (blood
cells)thus increasing the blood viscosity
• Main cause is bone marrow cancer
• Sx: dizziness and a high red blood cell count (6‐8 million RBC/mm3)
• A hematocrit may be as high as 80% (the normal range is around 45%)
Infectious mononucleosis correct answers - caused by the infection of B-lymphocytes by the
Epstein-barr virus
-lymphocytes take on a reactive phenotype-->they are larger with a distinct nucleus
-have cytoplasmic extensions, or skirting of cytoplasm around RBC's
Leukemia correct answers A type off cancer that involves an overproduction of leukocytes which
are immature and or abnormal in production and lack normal function
• The white blood cells can be:
• myelogenous cells ‐produced in the bone marrow,
• lymphogenous cells ‐produced in the lymphoid tissue
• undifferentiated cell
Hemoglobin correct answers The oxygen‐carrying pigment and main component of red blood
cells
For adult humans, normal hemoglobin values are 11.0 ‐16.0 gm % for females, and 13.0 ‐18.0
gm% for males (gm% is grams of Hb/100 ml blood)
A variety of conditions (dietary, geographical, smoking, exercise, recumbency, etc.) can affect
hemoglobin value
Hematocrit correct answers The packed red cell volume (PRCV) or hematocrit is a test used to
determine what portion of a blood sample is composed of red blood cells (RBC)
(Packed RBC)/ Total Volume x 100= PRCV
Normal hematocrit levels correct answers 47% men
42% women
hematocrit for dehydration correct answers -number of RBC's arent affected, but there is a
decrease in total blood fluid volume
-so increased hematocrit because RBC's are a larger % of the total volume
hemolytic anemia hematocrit correct answers - disease where RBC's are destroyed and removed
from circulation
-decreased hematocrit
, Blood doping correct answers Used to increase the number of RBC in the blood stream and has
been used in sports such as cycling
-Remove blood from body, remove plasma from blood, put RBCs back into body
-Advantages- get more oxygen because of more RBC
-Disadvantages- increases viscosity, risk of heart attack
What disease/symptom could elevated levels of hemoglobin indicate? correct answers Anemia,
hemorrhage, polycythemia
Major components of ECG correct answers P wave- atria depolarization
QRS complex- atria repolarization, ventricular depolarization
T wave- ventricular repolarization
Heart sounds correct answers 1st (lub)- closure of AV valve during ventricular systole, occurs
when ventricular pressure exxceeds atrial pressure
2nd (dub)- closure of SL valve during ventricular diastole, when the pressure in the aorta exceeds
left ventricular pressure
Right bundle branch block (RBBB) correct answers Defect in the electrical conduction system of
the heart
Myocardium in the right ventricle is depolarized later than those in left ventricle
Equation for heart rate correct answers HR= 60/t
HR= heart rate
t= time interval (seconds)
Comment on the heights of P, QRS, and T waves when comparing among each other correct
answers The QRS wave is significantly taller than the P and T waves. The P and T waves are
essentially equal in height because they are reflective of depolarizing the atria and repolarizing
the ventricles respectively
Diastolic pressure correct answers Between contractions, when the heart is relaxing and filling
with blood, the pressure is at its lowest
Systolic pressure correct answers The greatest force (highest pressure) occurs during contraction
Normal resting HR: 60-90 bpm. A trained athlete could have a resting HR of 45-60. Why might
a very fit person have a slower HR than someone of average fitness? correct answers They have
a larger stroke volume which means they will have a lower heart rate
What interval is most likely to vary to adjust the heart rate? correct answers T-P segment
Explain why ventricular contraction and the lub sound occur immediately after the QRS complex
correct answers Sound is a mechanical event which always follows an electrical event such as
ventricular contraction. The lub sound occurs immediately after the QRS complex because it is
