Microbiology OA WGU Exam
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+ [LATEST 2026-
2027] 100% GUARANTEED PASS
eukaryote includes - CORRECT ANSWER-protists, fungi, plants (most common, thick cell wall,
large vacuole), animals(cristals), helminths
Protists - CORRECT ANSWER-single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that
generally do not fit in any other kingdom
Protozoa - CORRECT ANSWER-Animal-like protists that eat other organisms or decaying parts of
other organisms. Doesn't make their own food.
Protist/Protozoa Diseases - CORRECT ANSWER-Malaria, sleeping sickness, giardiasis, Ameoblidy,
Leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, GI disorders
Fungi - CORRECT ANSWER--nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement,
and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the
nutrients(heterotrophs)
-spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast (single celled-
bread & alcohol, saccharomyces), mushrooms, and toadstools.
-chitin(cell wall)
Fungi Muliticelluar - CORRECT ANSWER-Hyphae(mycelium-1+ hyphae)
1-imcomplete cell walls-septum
2-Multiple nuclei
Ex: Ringworm (hand& rub arm-can transfer), athlete's foot, histoplasmosis
,Fungi Groups - CORRECT ANSWER-Zygomycota- sexual through conjugation & asexual,
Ascomycota-sexual through ascospore(saclike) & asexual thru conidiospores
Basidiomycota-sexual through basidia(clublike) & asexual (mushroom, roots, smuts)
Deuteromycota- lichen is a type of fungi- asexual only (fungi imperfecti
Helminths - CORRECT ANSWER-multicellular parasitic organisms commonly called worms or
flukes
Reduce organ systems (start @ mouth -ends anus)
Fermentation - CORRECT ANSWER-A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from
glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product,
such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Break down the sugars in grains-converting them into alcohol, carbon dioxide and beer flavors
Pasteurization - CORRECT ANSWER-A process of heating food to a temperature (55-60 degrees
C) that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food.
-Short period of time-milk, canned foods, syrup and wine
Virus - CORRECT ANSWER-A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a
living cell.
Naked (no envelope)-have nucleic acid core & capsid, cell lysis(burst)-adenovirus and poliovirus
Envelope Virus-nucleic attach to cell membrane- flu & HIV
Reoviridae- provides reverse transcriptase (Rna>DNA)
Pathogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER-development of disease
1. Expose(contact)
2. Adhesion (colonization "grow")
,3.Invasion (immune sys., enzymes/toxins)
4. Infection
Infection - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Local- 1 body part/organ "port of entry"- UTI, Boils, Pneumonia
2. Focal- Originate 1 body part transfer to another (new area)
3. Systemic- Throughout body- Chickenpox
Bacterial exoenzymes and toxins (patho will not cause a disease if it can't invade) - CORRECT
ANSWER-"Emia"-blood/substance in the blood
bacteremia- bacteria in blood
viremia-viruses in the blood
toxemia- toxins in the blood
septicemia- bacteria presently and multiplying in the blood
septic shock- life threatening, decrease bp (no oxygen &nutrients)
Tumor necrosis- release during gram - infections
Classes of Exoenzymes (edema/swelling) - CORRECT ANSWER-glycohydrolases, nucleases,
phospholipases, proteases
Glycohydrolases function - CORRECT ANSWER-Hyaluronidase in staphylococcus aureus
-degrades hyaluronic acid (cement cells together and promote spread through tissues)
Nucleases - CORRECT ANSWER-- DNAse produced by S.Aureus
-degrades DNA released by dying cells (bacteria/host cells) that can trap the bacteria, promote
spread
Phospholipases - CORRECT ANSWER--Phospholipase C of Bacillus anthracis
, -degrades phospholipid bilayer of host cells, cell lysis, and degrades membrane of phagosomes
to enable escape into cytoplasm
Proteases - CORRECT ANSWER--Collagenase in Clostridium perfringens
-degrades collagen in connective tissues to promote spread
-evade immune system
Coagulase - CORRECT ANSWER-causes clotting of blood or plasma
Kinase - CORRECT ANSWER-digesting blood clots
bacteria that are trapped in blood clots to escape and spread
Toxins - CORRECT ANSWER-Various poisonous substances produced by some microorganisms
(bacteria and viruses).
-damage to tissues
-fungi can produce toxins
Toxigenicity - CORRECT ANSWER-ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin
1. Endotoxin(within)- gram - outer membrane of Lipid A
2. Exotoxin (outside, toxic when released)-both gram + & -
Exotoxin "outside"- both in gram +/- - CORRECT ANSWER-Enterotoxin- target cells of
intestine(diarrhea)
Neurotoxin-target nervous system
Classes of exotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER-intracellular-targeting, membrane-disrupting,
superantigens
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+ [LATEST 2026-
2027] 100% GUARANTEED PASS
eukaryote includes - CORRECT ANSWER-protists, fungi, plants (most common, thick cell wall,
large vacuole), animals(cristals), helminths
Protists - CORRECT ANSWER-single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that
generally do not fit in any other kingdom
Protozoa - CORRECT ANSWER-Animal-like protists that eat other organisms or decaying parts of
other organisms. Doesn't make their own food.
Protist/Protozoa Diseases - CORRECT ANSWER-Malaria, sleeping sickness, giardiasis, Ameoblidy,
Leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, GI disorders
Fungi - CORRECT ANSWER--nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement,
and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the
nutrients(heterotrophs)
-spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast (single celled-
bread & alcohol, saccharomyces), mushrooms, and toadstools.
-chitin(cell wall)
Fungi Muliticelluar - CORRECT ANSWER-Hyphae(mycelium-1+ hyphae)
1-imcomplete cell walls-septum
2-Multiple nuclei
Ex: Ringworm (hand& rub arm-can transfer), athlete's foot, histoplasmosis
,Fungi Groups - CORRECT ANSWER-Zygomycota- sexual through conjugation & asexual,
Ascomycota-sexual through ascospore(saclike) & asexual thru conidiospores
Basidiomycota-sexual through basidia(clublike) & asexual (mushroom, roots, smuts)
Deuteromycota- lichen is a type of fungi- asexual only (fungi imperfecti
Helminths - CORRECT ANSWER-multicellular parasitic organisms commonly called worms or
flukes
Reduce organ systems (start @ mouth -ends anus)
Fermentation - CORRECT ANSWER-A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from
glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product,
such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Break down the sugars in grains-converting them into alcohol, carbon dioxide and beer flavors
Pasteurization - CORRECT ANSWER-A process of heating food to a temperature (55-60 degrees
C) that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food.
-Short period of time-milk, canned foods, syrup and wine
Virus - CORRECT ANSWER-A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a
living cell.
Naked (no envelope)-have nucleic acid core & capsid, cell lysis(burst)-adenovirus and poliovirus
Envelope Virus-nucleic attach to cell membrane- flu & HIV
Reoviridae- provides reverse transcriptase (Rna>DNA)
Pathogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER-development of disease
1. Expose(contact)
2. Adhesion (colonization "grow")
,3.Invasion (immune sys., enzymes/toxins)
4. Infection
Infection - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Local- 1 body part/organ "port of entry"- UTI, Boils, Pneumonia
2. Focal- Originate 1 body part transfer to another (new area)
3. Systemic- Throughout body- Chickenpox
Bacterial exoenzymes and toxins (patho will not cause a disease if it can't invade) - CORRECT
ANSWER-"Emia"-blood/substance in the blood
bacteremia- bacteria in blood
viremia-viruses in the blood
toxemia- toxins in the blood
septicemia- bacteria presently and multiplying in the blood
septic shock- life threatening, decrease bp (no oxygen &nutrients)
Tumor necrosis- release during gram - infections
Classes of Exoenzymes (edema/swelling) - CORRECT ANSWER-glycohydrolases, nucleases,
phospholipases, proteases
Glycohydrolases function - CORRECT ANSWER-Hyaluronidase in staphylococcus aureus
-degrades hyaluronic acid (cement cells together and promote spread through tissues)
Nucleases - CORRECT ANSWER-- DNAse produced by S.Aureus
-degrades DNA released by dying cells (bacteria/host cells) that can trap the bacteria, promote
spread
Phospholipases - CORRECT ANSWER--Phospholipase C of Bacillus anthracis
, -degrades phospholipid bilayer of host cells, cell lysis, and degrades membrane of phagosomes
to enable escape into cytoplasm
Proteases - CORRECT ANSWER--Collagenase in Clostridium perfringens
-degrades collagen in connective tissues to promote spread
-evade immune system
Coagulase - CORRECT ANSWER-causes clotting of blood or plasma
Kinase - CORRECT ANSWER-digesting blood clots
bacteria that are trapped in blood clots to escape and spread
Toxins - CORRECT ANSWER-Various poisonous substances produced by some microorganisms
(bacteria and viruses).
-damage to tissues
-fungi can produce toxins
Toxigenicity - CORRECT ANSWER-ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin
1. Endotoxin(within)- gram - outer membrane of Lipid A
2. Exotoxin (outside, toxic when released)-both gram + & -
Exotoxin "outside"- both in gram +/- - CORRECT ANSWER-Enterotoxin- target cells of
intestine(diarrhea)
Neurotoxin-target nervous system
Classes of exotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER-intracellular-targeting, membrane-disrupting,
superantigens
