NUR 198 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS | 2026 UPDATE
Barrett's Esophagus: Risk factors
-GERD
-White men aged 50 years or older
Barrett's Esophagus: Patho
-The lining of the esophageal mucosa is altered
-Tissue changes to the esophageal lining
•Leads to esophageal cancer
Barrett's Esophagus: Manifestations
-Symptoms of GERD
-Notably frequent heartburn.
-Symptoms related to peptic ulcers or esophageal stricture, or both.
-Causes esophageal cancer
Barrett's Esophagus: Diagnosis
•EGD
-Initial diagnostic tool shows that esophageal lining that is pink rather than pale white
-Repeat frequency depends upon grade of cellular changes (3 months to every 3-5 yrs)
Barrett's Esophagus: Interventions
,Educate on importance of follow up care
Barrett's Esophagus: Treatment
•Treatment of GERD
•Surveillance EGD
•Esophageal resection
Barrett's Esophagus: Education
Can lead to esophageal cancer
Clostridium difficile-related diarrhea (C.diff): Risk factors
Hospitalized patients
Gastric acid suppression
IV antibiotics
Clostridium difficile-related diarrhea: Patho
Can result after antibiotic use alters normal intestinal flora and promotes the abnormal growth of
this potentially dangerous microbe;
VERY CONTAGIOUS
C. difficile colitis occurs most commonly in patients who are hospitalized
Colorectal cancer: Risk factors
Older age
Family history (especially if history of Lynch syndrome) or polyps (especially if history of
,familial adenomatous polyposis)
Cigarette smoking
•High consumption of alcohol (i.e., >2 drinks daily in men, >1 drink daily in women)
•High-fat, high-protein (with high intake of beef), low-fiber diet
•History of genital cancer (e.g., endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer) or breast cancer (in women)
•History of inflammatory bowel disease
•History of radiation to the pelvis
•History of type 2 diabetes
•Increasing age
•Male gender
C.diff
Special contact / contact precautions
Bleach
Soap + water to wash hands
Colorectal cancer
•Third most common new site of cancer in the U.S.
•Second leading cause of all cancer deaths in the U.S.
•Nearly 30% of people with colorectal cancer have a family history of the disease
•Early stage = 89% 5-year survival rate
•Late stage (distant metastases) = 15% 5-year survival rate
-Primary site of metastases is the liver
, Colorectal cancer: Manifestations
-Change in bowel habits.
-The passage of blood in or on the stools is the second most common symptom.
-Unexplained anemia
-pain
-Anorexia
-Weight loss
-Fatigue
-bloating
-Jaundice
Colorectal cancer: Diagnosis
-Screening colonoscopies (polyups)
-EGD
Colorectal cancer: Interventions
Preparing the patient for surgery
Emotional support
Providing postoperative care
Maintaining optimal nutrition
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS | 2026 UPDATE
Barrett's Esophagus: Risk factors
-GERD
-White men aged 50 years or older
Barrett's Esophagus: Patho
-The lining of the esophageal mucosa is altered
-Tissue changes to the esophageal lining
•Leads to esophageal cancer
Barrett's Esophagus: Manifestations
-Symptoms of GERD
-Notably frequent heartburn.
-Symptoms related to peptic ulcers or esophageal stricture, or both.
-Causes esophageal cancer
Barrett's Esophagus: Diagnosis
•EGD
-Initial diagnostic tool shows that esophageal lining that is pink rather than pale white
-Repeat frequency depends upon grade of cellular changes (3 months to every 3-5 yrs)
Barrett's Esophagus: Interventions
,Educate on importance of follow up care
Barrett's Esophagus: Treatment
•Treatment of GERD
•Surveillance EGD
•Esophageal resection
Barrett's Esophagus: Education
Can lead to esophageal cancer
Clostridium difficile-related diarrhea (C.diff): Risk factors
Hospitalized patients
Gastric acid suppression
IV antibiotics
Clostridium difficile-related diarrhea: Patho
Can result after antibiotic use alters normal intestinal flora and promotes the abnormal growth of
this potentially dangerous microbe;
VERY CONTAGIOUS
C. difficile colitis occurs most commonly in patients who are hospitalized
Colorectal cancer: Risk factors
Older age
Family history (especially if history of Lynch syndrome) or polyps (especially if history of
,familial adenomatous polyposis)
Cigarette smoking
•High consumption of alcohol (i.e., >2 drinks daily in men, >1 drink daily in women)
•High-fat, high-protein (with high intake of beef), low-fiber diet
•History of genital cancer (e.g., endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer) or breast cancer (in women)
•History of inflammatory bowel disease
•History of radiation to the pelvis
•History of type 2 diabetes
•Increasing age
•Male gender
C.diff
Special contact / contact precautions
Bleach
Soap + water to wash hands
Colorectal cancer
•Third most common new site of cancer in the U.S.
•Second leading cause of all cancer deaths in the U.S.
•Nearly 30% of people with colorectal cancer have a family history of the disease
•Early stage = 89% 5-year survival rate
•Late stage (distant metastases) = 15% 5-year survival rate
-Primary site of metastases is the liver
, Colorectal cancer: Manifestations
-Change in bowel habits.
-The passage of blood in or on the stools is the second most common symptom.
-Unexplained anemia
-pain
-Anorexia
-Weight loss
-Fatigue
-bloating
-Jaundice
Colorectal cancer: Diagnosis
-Screening colonoscopies (polyups)
-EGD
Colorectal cancer: Interventions
Preparing the patient for surgery
Emotional support
Providing postoperative care
Maintaining optimal nutrition
