Microbial Genetics: DNA Replication,
Transcription, and Mutations with complete
solutions latest 2026/27 UPDATE
What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?
The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
What is the process of gene expression?
The processes of transcription and translation.
What type of replication occurs in prokaryotes?
Semi-conservative replication.
What are the key enzymes involved in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase.
What is the role of DNA polymerase III?
It synthesizes new DNA strands.
What is the function of helicase during DNA replication?
It unzips the DNA double helix.
What are Okazaki fragments?
Short DNA sequences synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
What is the function of ligase in DNA replication?
It seals gaps between Okazaki fragments.
, What is the role of topoisomerase in DNA replication?
It relieves tension in the DNA strand during replication.
How do eukaryotic DNA replication processes differ from prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic replication is slower, involves multiple linear chromosomes, and has multiple origins
of replication.
What is the significance of telomeres?
They protect the ends of linear chromosomes and shorten over time.
What is RNA splicing?
The post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes, removing introns and joining
exons.
What is the role of RNA polymerase during transcription?
It adds nucleotides to the growing RNA chain without needing a primer.
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA?
Prokaryotic mRNA is polycistronic and immediately available for translation, while eukaryotic
mRNA is monocistronic and needs to be transported to the cytoplasm.
What is an operon?
A block of structural proteins that are encoded and transcribed together by one promoter.
What is the difference between inducible and repressible operons?
Inducible operons can be turned on, while repressible operons can be turned off.
Transcription, and Mutations with complete
solutions latest 2026/27 UPDATE
What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?
The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
What is the process of gene expression?
The processes of transcription and translation.
What type of replication occurs in prokaryotes?
Semi-conservative replication.
What are the key enzymes involved in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase.
What is the role of DNA polymerase III?
It synthesizes new DNA strands.
What is the function of helicase during DNA replication?
It unzips the DNA double helix.
What are Okazaki fragments?
Short DNA sequences synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
What is the function of ligase in DNA replication?
It seals gaps between Okazaki fragments.
, What is the role of topoisomerase in DNA replication?
It relieves tension in the DNA strand during replication.
How do eukaryotic DNA replication processes differ from prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic replication is slower, involves multiple linear chromosomes, and has multiple origins
of replication.
What is the significance of telomeres?
They protect the ends of linear chromosomes and shorten over time.
What is RNA splicing?
The post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes, removing introns and joining
exons.
What is the role of RNA polymerase during transcription?
It adds nucleotides to the growing RNA chain without needing a primer.
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA?
Prokaryotic mRNA is polycistronic and immediately available for translation, while eukaryotic
mRNA is monocistronic and needs to be transported to the cytoplasm.
What is an operon?
A block of structural proteins that are encoded and transcribed together by one promoter.
What is the difference between inducible and repressible operons?
Inducible operons can be turned on, while repressible operons can be turned off.
