BIO 139 KCTCS COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater
sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus.
How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus?.
Answer: Look for cell walls under a microscope.Fungal cells have cell
walls, and animal cells do not.
◍ cytology.
Answer: study of cells
◍ microscopy.
Answer: using a microscope to view small-scale structures
◍ ______ vary greatly in size and shape and most are microscopic.
Answer: cells
◍ plasma membrane.
Answer: forms outer, limiting barrier separating internal contents from
external environment
◍ cilia, flagellum, microvilli.
Answer: modified extensions of plasma membrane
◍ A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire
animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely
conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to
base the phylogeny?.
Answer: collagen genes.
◍ Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?.
, Answer: nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement.
◍ nucleus.
Answer: largest structure in cell; enclosed by a nuclear envelope. contains
genetic material, DNA
◍ nucleoplasm.
Answer: inner fluid (in nucleus)
◍ cytoplasm.
Answer: cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus. includes
cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
◍ cytosol.
Answer: (intracellular fluid) viscous fluid of cytoplasm. high water content
& contains dissolved macromolecules and ions
◍ The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas
the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat
different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is
most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in
metamorphosis?.
Answer: changes in the homeobox genes governing early development.
◍ organelles.
Answer: "little organs" complex, organized structures within cells. unique
shapes & functions. divided into two categories
◍ Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal
heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their
nutrition by _____..
Answer: ingesting it.
◍ membrane-bound organelles.
Answer: enclosed by a membrane. separates contents from cytosol
◍ endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes,
mitochondria.
STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater
sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus.
How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus?.
Answer: Look for cell walls under a microscope.Fungal cells have cell
walls, and animal cells do not.
◍ cytology.
Answer: study of cells
◍ microscopy.
Answer: using a microscope to view small-scale structures
◍ ______ vary greatly in size and shape and most are microscopic.
Answer: cells
◍ plasma membrane.
Answer: forms outer, limiting barrier separating internal contents from
external environment
◍ cilia, flagellum, microvilli.
Answer: modified extensions of plasma membrane
◍ A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire
animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely
conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to
base the phylogeny?.
Answer: collagen genes.
◍ Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?.
, Answer: nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement.
◍ nucleus.
Answer: largest structure in cell; enclosed by a nuclear envelope. contains
genetic material, DNA
◍ nucleoplasm.
Answer: inner fluid (in nucleus)
◍ cytoplasm.
Answer: cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus. includes
cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
◍ cytosol.
Answer: (intracellular fluid) viscous fluid of cytoplasm. high water content
& contains dissolved macromolecules and ions
◍ The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas
the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat
different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is
most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in
metamorphosis?.
Answer: changes in the homeobox genes governing early development.
◍ organelles.
Answer: "little organs" complex, organized structures within cells. unique
shapes & functions. divided into two categories
◍ Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal
heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their
nutrition by _____..
Answer: ingesting it.
◍ membrane-bound organelles.
Answer: enclosed by a membrane. separates contents from cytosol
◍ endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes,
mitochondria.
