FUNDAMENTALS II 2026 FINAL PAPER
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS COMPLETE
SOLUTION VIEW
◉A nurse is teaching a patient about the large intestine in
elimination. In which order will the nurse list the structures, starting
with the first portion?
a. Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, and rectum
b. Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, and cecum
c. Cecum, sigmoid, ascending, transverse, descending, and rectum
d. Ascending, transverse, descending, rectum, sigmoid, and cecum.
Answer: ANS: A
The large intestine is divided into the cecum, ascending colon,
transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. The
large intestine is the primary organ of bowel elimination
◉A nurse is assisting a patient in making dietary choices that
promote healthy bowel elimination. Which menu option should the
nurse recommend?
a. Broccoli and cheese soup with potato bread
b. Turkey and mashed potatoes with brown gravy
,c. Grape and walnut chicken salad sandwich on whole wheat bread
d. Dinner salad topped with hard-boiled eggs, cheese, and fat-free
dressing. Answer: ANS: C
Grapes and whole wheat bread are high fiber and should be chosen.
Cheese, eggs, potato bread, and mashed potatoes do not contain as
much fiber as whole wheat bread. A healthy diet for the bowel
should include foods high in bulk-forming fiber. Whole grains, fresh
fruit, and fresh vegetables are excellent sources. Foods without
much fiber and with high levels of fat can slow down peristalsis,
causing constipation.
◉A patient is using laxatives three times daily to lose weight. After
stopping laxative use, the patient has difficulty with constipation
and wonders if laxatives should be taken again. Which information
will the nurse share with the patient?
a. Long-term laxative use causes the bowel to become less
responsive to stimuli, and constipation may occur.
b. Laxatives can cause trauma to the intestinal lining and scarring
may result, leading to decreased peristalsis.
c. Long-term use of emollient laxatives is effective for treatment of
chronic constipation and may be useful in certain situations.
d. Laxatives cause the body to become malnourished, so when the
patient begins eating again, the body absorbs all of the food, and no
waste products are produced.. Answer: ANS: A
Teach patients about the potential harmful effects of overuse of
laxatives, such as impaired bowel motility and decreased response
,to sensory stimulus. Make sure the patient understands that
laxatives are not to be used long term for maintenance of bowel
function. Increasing fluid and fiber intake can help with this
problem. Laxatives do not cause scarring. Even if malnourished, the
body will produce waste if any substance is consumed
◉A patient with a hip fracture is having difficulty defecating into a
bedpan while lying in bed. Which action by the nurse will assist the
patient in having a successful bowel movement?
a. Preparing to administer a barium enema
b. Withholding narcotic pain medication
c. Administering laxatives to the patient
d. Raising the head of the bed. Answer: ANS: D
Lying in bed is an unnatural position; raising the head of the bed
assists the patient into a more normal position that allows proper
contraction of muscles for elimination. Laxatives would not give the
patient control over bowel movements. A barium enema is a
diagnostic test, not an intervention to promote defecation. Pain relief
measures should be given; however, preventative action should be
taken to prevent constipation.
◉Which nutritional instruction is a priority for the nurse to advise a
patient about with an ileostomy?
a. Keep fiber low.
b. Eat large meals.
, c. Increase fluid intake.
d. Chew food thoroughly.. Answer: ANS: C
Patients with ileostomies will digest their food completely but will
lose both fluid and salt through their stoma and will need to be sure
to replace this to avoid dehydration. A good reminder for patients is
to encourage drinking an 8-ounce glass of fluid when they empty
their pouch. This helps patients to remember that they have greater
fluid needs than they did before having an ileostomy. A low-fiber diet
is not necessary. Eating large meals is not advised. While chewing
food thoroughly is correct, it is not the priority; liquid is the priority.
◉A nurse is preparing a bowel training program for a patient. Which
actions will the nurse take? (Select all that apply.)
a. Record times when the patient is incontinent.
b. Help the patient to the toilet at the designated time.
c. Lean backward on the hips while sitting on the toilet.
d. Maintain normal exercise within the patient's physical ability.
e. Apply pressure with hands over the abdomen, and strain while
pushing.
f. Choose a time based on the patient's pattern to initiate defecation-
control measures.
.. Answer: ANS: A, B, D, F
A successful program includes the following: Assessing the normal
elimination pattern and recording times when the patient is
incontinent. Choosing a time based on the patient's pattern to
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS COMPLETE
SOLUTION VIEW
◉A nurse is teaching a patient about the large intestine in
elimination. In which order will the nurse list the structures, starting
with the first portion?
a. Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, and rectum
b. Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, and cecum
c. Cecum, sigmoid, ascending, transverse, descending, and rectum
d. Ascending, transverse, descending, rectum, sigmoid, and cecum.
Answer: ANS: A
The large intestine is divided into the cecum, ascending colon,
transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. The
large intestine is the primary organ of bowel elimination
◉A nurse is assisting a patient in making dietary choices that
promote healthy bowel elimination. Which menu option should the
nurse recommend?
a. Broccoli and cheese soup with potato bread
b. Turkey and mashed potatoes with brown gravy
,c. Grape and walnut chicken salad sandwich on whole wheat bread
d. Dinner salad topped with hard-boiled eggs, cheese, and fat-free
dressing. Answer: ANS: C
Grapes and whole wheat bread are high fiber and should be chosen.
Cheese, eggs, potato bread, and mashed potatoes do not contain as
much fiber as whole wheat bread. A healthy diet for the bowel
should include foods high in bulk-forming fiber. Whole grains, fresh
fruit, and fresh vegetables are excellent sources. Foods without
much fiber and with high levels of fat can slow down peristalsis,
causing constipation.
◉A patient is using laxatives three times daily to lose weight. After
stopping laxative use, the patient has difficulty with constipation
and wonders if laxatives should be taken again. Which information
will the nurse share with the patient?
a. Long-term laxative use causes the bowel to become less
responsive to stimuli, and constipation may occur.
b. Laxatives can cause trauma to the intestinal lining and scarring
may result, leading to decreased peristalsis.
c. Long-term use of emollient laxatives is effective for treatment of
chronic constipation and may be useful in certain situations.
d. Laxatives cause the body to become malnourished, so when the
patient begins eating again, the body absorbs all of the food, and no
waste products are produced.. Answer: ANS: A
Teach patients about the potential harmful effects of overuse of
laxatives, such as impaired bowel motility and decreased response
,to sensory stimulus. Make sure the patient understands that
laxatives are not to be used long term for maintenance of bowel
function. Increasing fluid and fiber intake can help with this
problem. Laxatives do not cause scarring. Even if malnourished, the
body will produce waste if any substance is consumed
◉A patient with a hip fracture is having difficulty defecating into a
bedpan while lying in bed. Which action by the nurse will assist the
patient in having a successful bowel movement?
a. Preparing to administer a barium enema
b. Withholding narcotic pain medication
c. Administering laxatives to the patient
d. Raising the head of the bed. Answer: ANS: D
Lying in bed is an unnatural position; raising the head of the bed
assists the patient into a more normal position that allows proper
contraction of muscles for elimination. Laxatives would not give the
patient control over bowel movements. A barium enema is a
diagnostic test, not an intervention to promote defecation. Pain relief
measures should be given; however, preventative action should be
taken to prevent constipation.
◉Which nutritional instruction is a priority for the nurse to advise a
patient about with an ileostomy?
a. Keep fiber low.
b. Eat large meals.
, c. Increase fluid intake.
d. Chew food thoroughly.. Answer: ANS: C
Patients with ileostomies will digest their food completely but will
lose both fluid and salt through their stoma and will need to be sure
to replace this to avoid dehydration. A good reminder for patients is
to encourage drinking an 8-ounce glass of fluid when they empty
their pouch. This helps patients to remember that they have greater
fluid needs than they did before having an ileostomy. A low-fiber diet
is not necessary. Eating large meals is not advised. While chewing
food thoroughly is correct, it is not the priority; liquid is the priority.
◉A nurse is preparing a bowel training program for a patient. Which
actions will the nurse take? (Select all that apply.)
a. Record times when the patient is incontinent.
b. Help the patient to the toilet at the designated time.
c. Lean backward on the hips while sitting on the toilet.
d. Maintain normal exercise within the patient's physical ability.
e. Apply pressure with hands over the abdomen, and strain while
pushing.
f. Choose a time based on the patient's pattern to initiate defecation-
control measures.
.. Answer: ANS: A, B, D, F
A successful program includes the following: Assessing the normal
elimination pattern and recording times when the patient is
incontinent. Choosing a time based on the patient's pattern to
