Heat or energy spinning turbine, spinning generator, creating electricity occurs in dams and
reservoirs for hydroelectricity, coal, concentrated solar power, nuclear, geothermal.
6.1:
● Energy resources are divided in 2 categories:
○ Nonrenewable: Nuclear, coal, oil, natural gas. Also called: Petroleum, petrol,
gasoline
■ Nuclear is not a fossil fuel
■ Coal, oil, and natural gas are fossil fuels
■ Fossil fuels come from fossils, and have carbon background.
○ Renewable: Biomass, hydroelectric, solar, wind waves, geothermal
■ Biomass: amount of wood, cow dung, corn stalks, etc because all can be
used to make fuel.
● Nonrenewable energy sources exists in fixed amount, and can’t easily be replaced.
○ If we use it, it cannot be replaced to reuse in a useful time scale.
○ Nuclear energy is made by harvesting uranium, which exists in fixed amount.
● Renewable energy sources can be replenished naturally to reuse, and the rate of
replenishment is at or near the rate of consumption. If energy is managed correctly, it
can be used indefinitely.
6.2:
● Trend in world energy consumption: usage of energy is not evenly distributed between
developed and developing countries. 20% of the world uses 80% of energy.
● Developed countries use more energy than developing countries.
● Fossil fuels are the most widely used source of energy.
● Coal was top energy source, but then petroleum replaced it.
● Nuclear is not used globally.
● Percent change is (initial-final)/initial=answer. answerx100=%change
○ ()=absolute value
● As a country becomes more developed, it uses more technology, so its reliance on fossil
fuels increases.
● As the world becomes more industrialized, demand for energy increases, and fossil fuel
reliance increases.
○ Example: Agriculture becoming more industrialized.
● Factors contributing to type of energy people use:
○ Availability, price (supply and demand), government regulations/subsidies.
● Doubling time in years=70/growth rate %
● Current energy demand=population size x per capita power demand
○ Convert units if needed. Example: kW to MW.
6.3:
● Types of fuels:
, ○ Wood and charcoal: used in developing countries. Oldest fuels used for energy.
Readily accessible.
■ Removal of trees for both lead to soil erosion, soil degradation.
● Leads to food security issues.
■ Deforestation decreases amount of precipitation and CO2 sequestration.
■ If used indoors without ventilation, can cause indoor air pollution.
■ Charcoal burns hotter than wood. To make, superheat wood without O2
to not burn it. This gets rid of impurities and H2O vapor, making it more
combustible.
○ Peat: partially decomposed organic material burned for fuel.
■ Precursor to coal.
■ If used indoors without ventilation, can cause indoor air pollution and
health issues.
■ 1-2 feet under topsoil. Dark rich organic material. If given heat, time, and
pressure, it turns into coal.
■ If blocks are taken out of ground and dried on surface, they turn into
bricks to be burned for energy.
○ Coal: 4 types. As heat and pressure are applied to each type, they turn into the
next (sulfuric emissions mixed with H2O vapor cause acid deposition).
■ Peat: not a coal.
■ Lignite: Low heat capacity (does not make much heat), low sulfur, high
moisture. Least valuable coal. Isn't as concentrated because it hasn’t
been under much heat and pressure. Produces lots of smoke due to lots
of moisture, and more impurities.
■ Bituminous: Most commonly used, high heating capacity, high sulfur.
Produces less heat than anthracite, but more than lignite. Produces the
most sulfur in the atmosphere.
■ Anthracite: Best quality and most valuable, high heating capacity, low
sulfur content. Longest time to make. Most pressure, longest amount of
heat. Therefore, least amount of impurities. Has the most carbon, so
produces most heat. Most expensive. Produces less sulfur than lignite.
■ All coals release impurities like sulfur, mercury, and lead.
○ Wood: heating, lighting, cooking.
○ Charcoal: heating, cooking.
○ Peat: heating, cooking.
● Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel because it releases less harmful emissions
compared to fossil fuels.
○ Releases negligible amounts of sulfur (SO2), mercury, and particulates.
○ Mostly methane (CH4). Still produces CO2. Easily transportable. Does not
produce other impurities.
○ Lots of impurities already filtered out in processing because it's a light gas.
○ Pros: Because it is very light, it can be processed through a tube without clogging
it.
reservoirs for hydroelectricity, coal, concentrated solar power, nuclear, geothermal.
6.1:
● Energy resources are divided in 2 categories:
○ Nonrenewable: Nuclear, coal, oil, natural gas. Also called: Petroleum, petrol,
gasoline
■ Nuclear is not a fossil fuel
■ Coal, oil, and natural gas are fossil fuels
■ Fossil fuels come from fossils, and have carbon background.
○ Renewable: Biomass, hydroelectric, solar, wind waves, geothermal
■ Biomass: amount of wood, cow dung, corn stalks, etc because all can be
used to make fuel.
● Nonrenewable energy sources exists in fixed amount, and can’t easily be replaced.
○ If we use it, it cannot be replaced to reuse in a useful time scale.
○ Nuclear energy is made by harvesting uranium, which exists in fixed amount.
● Renewable energy sources can be replenished naturally to reuse, and the rate of
replenishment is at or near the rate of consumption. If energy is managed correctly, it
can be used indefinitely.
6.2:
● Trend in world energy consumption: usage of energy is not evenly distributed between
developed and developing countries. 20% of the world uses 80% of energy.
● Developed countries use more energy than developing countries.
● Fossil fuels are the most widely used source of energy.
● Coal was top energy source, but then petroleum replaced it.
● Nuclear is not used globally.
● Percent change is (initial-final)/initial=answer. answerx100=%change
○ ()=absolute value
● As a country becomes more developed, it uses more technology, so its reliance on fossil
fuels increases.
● As the world becomes more industrialized, demand for energy increases, and fossil fuel
reliance increases.
○ Example: Agriculture becoming more industrialized.
● Factors contributing to type of energy people use:
○ Availability, price (supply and demand), government regulations/subsidies.
● Doubling time in years=70/growth rate %
● Current energy demand=population size x per capita power demand
○ Convert units if needed. Example: kW to MW.
6.3:
● Types of fuels:
, ○ Wood and charcoal: used in developing countries. Oldest fuels used for energy.
Readily accessible.
■ Removal of trees for both lead to soil erosion, soil degradation.
● Leads to food security issues.
■ Deforestation decreases amount of precipitation and CO2 sequestration.
■ If used indoors without ventilation, can cause indoor air pollution.
■ Charcoal burns hotter than wood. To make, superheat wood without O2
to not burn it. This gets rid of impurities and H2O vapor, making it more
combustible.
○ Peat: partially decomposed organic material burned for fuel.
■ Precursor to coal.
■ If used indoors without ventilation, can cause indoor air pollution and
health issues.
■ 1-2 feet under topsoil. Dark rich organic material. If given heat, time, and
pressure, it turns into coal.
■ If blocks are taken out of ground and dried on surface, they turn into
bricks to be burned for energy.
○ Coal: 4 types. As heat and pressure are applied to each type, they turn into the
next (sulfuric emissions mixed with H2O vapor cause acid deposition).
■ Peat: not a coal.
■ Lignite: Low heat capacity (does not make much heat), low sulfur, high
moisture. Least valuable coal. Isn't as concentrated because it hasn’t
been under much heat and pressure. Produces lots of smoke due to lots
of moisture, and more impurities.
■ Bituminous: Most commonly used, high heating capacity, high sulfur.
Produces less heat than anthracite, but more than lignite. Produces the
most sulfur in the atmosphere.
■ Anthracite: Best quality and most valuable, high heating capacity, low
sulfur content. Longest time to make. Most pressure, longest amount of
heat. Therefore, least amount of impurities. Has the most carbon, so
produces most heat. Most expensive. Produces less sulfur than lignite.
■ All coals release impurities like sulfur, mercury, and lead.
○ Wood: heating, lighting, cooking.
○ Charcoal: heating, cooking.
○ Peat: heating, cooking.
● Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel because it releases less harmful emissions
compared to fossil fuels.
○ Releases negligible amounts of sulfur (SO2), mercury, and particulates.
○ Mostly methane (CH4). Still produces CO2. Easily transportable. Does not
produce other impurities.
○ Lots of impurities already filtered out in processing because it's a light gas.
○ Pros: Because it is very light, it can be processed through a tube without clogging
it.
