NURS 3300 UNIT 2 EXAM PART 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
objectivity, type of design, feasibility, intervention fidelity, control, and validity (internal and external) -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅List the types of considerations in quantitative research
Objectivity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅The use of facts without distortion by biases; involves reviewing the
literature with a critical and unbiased "eye"
Type of Design - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Provides the plan/blueprint for the conduct of a study in
answering the RQs/resting hypotheses; provides the structure and total strategy for an investigation
connecting the problem, purpose and theoretical considerations with data collection and analysis; main
purpose: provide a scheme for answering RQs and testing hypotheses (how independent variable affects
dependent variable)
Feasibility - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Involves time (Is there enough time to complete the study?), subject
availability (Is there a sufficient number of eligible subjects available?), facility/equipment availability,
expense (Is money available for the projected cost?), experience (is the study based on the researcher's
experience and interest?), and ethics (Could subjects be harmed?)
Intervention fidelity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Adherence or compliance to study protocols; ensures that
every subject receiving the intervention or treatment receive the identical intervention or tx
Control - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Measures used to hold the conditions of a study constan; elements
built into a design to reduce or eliminate inaccurate interpretations of the results of a study; involves
steps taken to reduce the effects of extraneous/mediating variables that interfere with or influence the
relationship between independent and dependent variables
Extraneous or mediating variables - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Processes that occur during a study that
could interfere with the operations of a study or influence the relationship between the independent
and dependent variable; could be subject, research, or environmental characteristics that might
influence the outcome variable
Homogeneity, constancy, manipulation, and randomization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅What factors
control extraneous variables?
, Homogeneity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Homogeneous sample where characteristics of subjects are
common; where participants have similar extraneous variables that might influence outcomes; For
example, if a researcher suspects that AGE may affect the outcome variable, then he/she would recruit
only adults within a certain age range; another example, if INTELLIGENCE was a variable in a study
involving children and anticipated to be an extraneous variable, then a researcher could select children
whose IQs are within a certain range such as 100 to 110
Constancy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Methods and data collection procedures are the same for all
subjects; includes the environmental conditions, timing of data collection, and data collection
instruments
Manipulation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Manipulation of an independent variable in a study;
administration of an intervention to some of the subjects in a study and not to the other subjects; For
example, to see whether expressive writing affects people's health, a researcher might instruct some
participants to write about traumatic experiences and others to write about neutral experiences
Randomization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Sampling procedure for a study in which each person has an
equal chance of being selected to participate in a study, and equal chance of being assigned to either
the control or experimental group
Validity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Criteria used to evaluate bias, credibility, and dependability of research
results
Internal validity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental
treatment, rather than an uncontrolled condition, resulted in the observed effect; asks if it is the
independent variable (or something else) that caused or resulted in the change in the dependent
variable; Important to researchers b/c it deals with whether or not the independent variable really made
the change in the dependent variable
External validity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Degree to which findings of a study can be generalized to
other samples/populations or environments; asks if findings are generalizable to the larger population;
can be claimed ONLY after internal validity has been established
Replication with different populations in different settings at different times, and use of probability
(random) as opposed to non-probability (nonrandom) samples - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Ways to
enhance external validity of a study
objectivity, type of design, feasibility, intervention fidelity, control, and validity (internal and external) -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅List the types of considerations in quantitative research
Objectivity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅The use of facts without distortion by biases; involves reviewing the
literature with a critical and unbiased "eye"
Type of Design - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Provides the plan/blueprint for the conduct of a study in
answering the RQs/resting hypotheses; provides the structure and total strategy for an investigation
connecting the problem, purpose and theoretical considerations with data collection and analysis; main
purpose: provide a scheme for answering RQs and testing hypotheses (how independent variable affects
dependent variable)
Feasibility - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Involves time (Is there enough time to complete the study?), subject
availability (Is there a sufficient number of eligible subjects available?), facility/equipment availability,
expense (Is money available for the projected cost?), experience (is the study based on the researcher's
experience and interest?), and ethics (Could subjects be harmed?)
Intervention fidelity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Adherence or compliance to study protocols; ensures that
every subject receiving the intervention or treatment receive the identical intervention or tx
Control - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Measures used to hold the conditions of a study constan; elements
built into a design to reduce or eliminate inaccurate interpretations of the results of a study; involves
steps taken to reduce the effects of extraneous/mediating variables that interfere with or influence the
relationship between independent and dependent variables
Extraneous or mediating variables - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Processes that occur during a study that
could interfere with the operations of a study or influence the relationship between the independent
and dependent variable; could be subject, research, or environmental characteristics that might
influence the outcome variable
Homogeneity, constancy, manipulation, and randomization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅What factors
control extraneous variables?
, Homogeneity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Homogeneous sample where characteristics of subjects are
common; where participants have similar extraneous variables that might influence outcomes; For
example, if a researcher suspects that AGE may affect the outcome variable, then he/she would recruit
only adults within a certain age range; another example, if INTELLIGENCE was a variable in a study
involving children and anticipated to be an extraneous variable, then a researcher could select children
whose IQs are within a certain range such as 100 to 110
Constancy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Methods and data collection procedures are the same for all
subjects; includes the environmental conditions, timing of data collection, and data collection
instruments
Manipulation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Manipulation of an independent variable in a study;
administration of an intervention to some of the subjects in a study and not to the other subjects; For
example, to see whether expressive writing affects people's health, a researcher might instruct some
participants to write about traumatic experiences and others to write about neutral experiences
Randomization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Sampling procedure for a study in which each person has an
equal chance of being selected to participate in a study, and equal chance of being assigned to either
the control or experimental group
Validity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Criteria used to evaluate bias, credibility, and dependability of research
results
Internal validity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental
treatment, rather than an uncontrolled condition, resulted in the observed effect; asks if it is the
independent variable (or something else) that caused or resulted in the change in the dependent
variable; Important to researchers b/c it deals with whether or not the independent variable really made
the change in the dependent variable
External validity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Degree to which findings of a study can be generalized to
other samples/populations or environments; asks if findings are generalizable to the larger population;
can be claimed ONLY after internal validity has been established
Replication with different populations in different settings at different times, and use of probability
(random) as opposed to non-probability (nonrandom) samples - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Ways to
enhance external validity of a study
