GMS 6552 EVALUATION EXAMS TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Receptors linked to gene transcription - ✔✔Effects happen in hours
Estrogen receptor
✔✔Heterotrimeric G proteins - ✔✔alpha, beta and gamma subunits
✔✔GPCR Components - ✔✔More than 800 receptors
7 transmembrane domains
N and C termini
Conformationally flexible
Constitutively active
✔✔GPCR Ligands - ✔✔Hormones, neurotransmitters, chemokine, ions, amino acids,
peptides
✔✔G-proteins - ✔✔a-20
Gas- increases AC
Gai - decreases AC
Gaq - increases PLC
b(6)y(12)
✔✔Why use G proteins - ✔✔Means of amplifying the signal
G proteins can regulate more than one effector
✔✔PKA - ✔✔Phosphorylase Kinase (glycogen breakdown)
CREB (gene transcription)
L-type Ca channels (heart contraction)
Pyruvate Kinase (glycolysis)
Hormone Sensitive Lipase (triglyceride breakdown)
✔✔Kinase-linked receptor signaling - ✔✔No second messenger
✔✔Protein kinase-linked receptors - ✔✔Receptors associated with cytosolic kinases
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Receptor serine/threonine kinases
✔✔Receptors associated with cytosolic kinases - ✔✔Ligands:
Prolactin
GH
Interferons
Cytokines
, ✔✔Receptor tyrosine kinases - ✔✔Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) consist of an
extracellular ligand
binding and dimerization domain, a single hydrophobic
transmembrane a-helix and a cytosolic domain with intrinsic
tyrosine kinase activity
✔✔Two types of RTKs - ✔✔Single transmembrane spanning proteins that dimerize
when ligand binds (EGF receptor, PGDF receptor)
Covalently linked dimers (insulin receptor, IGF-1 receptor)
✔✔PKB/Akt - ✔✔phosphorylate multiple proteins which regulate a wide variety of
intracellular events
✔✔Nuclear Receptor Subfamily - ✔✔Six structural domains:
A/B- AF-1
C- DBD
D- Hinge
E- LBD
F- AF-2
✔✔Steroid class receptors - ✔✔GR, MR, PR, AR, ER
✔✔RXR partnered receptors - ✔✔TR, RAR, VDR, PPAR, a, b, y
✔✔Orphan receptors - ✔✔COUP-TF, HNF-4
✔✔Steroid receptor ligands - ✔✔Steroids
✔✔RXR partnered ligands - ✔✔9-Cis RA + X
✔✔Additional receptors signaling mechanisms - ✔✔Nitric oxide receptors
The Notch signaling pathway
✔✔NO receptors - ✔✔The signaling functions of NO begin with its
binding to protein receptors on or in the cell. The
binding sites can be either:
• a metal ion in the protein or
• one of its S atoms (e.g., on cysteine).
• In either case, binding triggers an allosteric chance
in the protein which, in turn, triggers the formation
of a "second messenger" within the cell. The most
common protein target for NO is soluble guanylyl
cyclase, an enzyme that generates the second
messenger cGMP.
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Receptors linked to gene transcription - ✔✔Effects happen in hours
Estrogen receptor
✔✔Heterotrimeric G proteins - ✔✔alpha, beta and gamma subunits
✔✔GPCR Components - ✔✔More than 800 receptors
7 transmembrane domains
N and C termini
Conformationally flexible
Constitutively active
✔✔GPCR Ligands - ✔✔Hormones, neurotransmitters, chemokine, ions, amino acids,
peptides
✔✔G-proteins - ✔✔a-20
Gas- increases AC
Gai - decreases AC
Gaq - increases PLC
b(6)y(12)
✔✔Why use G proteins - ✔✔Means of amplifying the signal
G proteins can regulate more than one effector
✔✔PKA - ✔✔Phosphorylase Kinase (glycogen breakdown)
CREB (gene transcription)
L-type Ca channels (heart contraction)
Pyruvate Kinase (glycolysis)
Hormone Sensitive Lipase (triglyceride breakdown)
✔✔Kinase-linked receptor signaling - ✔✔No second messenger
✔✔Protein kinase-linked receptors - ✔✔Receptors associated with cytosolic kinases
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Receptor serine/threonine kinases
✔✔Receptors associated with cytosolic kinases - ✔✔Ligands:
Prolactin
GH
Interferons
Cytokines
, ✔✔Receptor tyrosine kinases - ✔✔Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) consist of an
extracellular ligand
binding and dimerization domain, a single hydrophobic
transmembrane a-helix and a cytosolic domain with intrinsic
tyrosine kinase activity
✔✔Two types of RTKs - ✔✔Single transmembrane spanning proteins that dimerize
when ligand binds (EGF receptor, PGDF receptor)
Covalently linked dimers (insulin receptor, IGF-1 receptor)
✔✔PKB/Akt - ✔✔phosphorylate multiple proteins which regulate a wide variety of
intracellular events
✔✔Nuclear Receptor Subfamily - ✔✔Six structural domains:
A/B- AF-1
C- DBD
D- Hinge
E- LBD
F- AF-2
✔✔Steroid class receptors - ✔✔GR, MR, PR, AR, ER
✔✔RXR partnered receptors - ✔✔TR, RAR, VDR, PPAR, a, b, y
✔✔Orphan receptors - ✔✔COUP-TF, HNF-4
✔✔Steroid receptor ligands - ✔✔Steroids
✔✔RXR partnered ligands - ✔✔9-Cis RA + X
✔✔Additional receptors signaling mechanisms - ✔✔Nitric oxide receptors
The Notch signaling pathway
✔✔NO receptors - ✔✔The signaling functions of NO begin with its
binding to protein receptors on or in the cell. The
binding sites can be either:
• a metal ion in the protein or
• one of its S atoms (e.g., on cysteine).
• In either case, binding triggers an allosteric chance
in the protein which, in turn, triggers the formation
of a "second messenger" within the cell. The most
common protein target for NO is soluble guanylyl
cyclase, an enzyme that generates the second
messenger cGMP.
