GMS 6552 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Non-Canonical Receptors - ✔✔BAFFR
CD40
LTBR
RANK
✔✔Non-Canonical Characteristics - ✔✔Slow and persistent
Dependent on protein synthesis
Respond to a subset of TNFR signals
Specific functions
✔✔Activation of NF-kB - ✔✔Cytokines
Endotoxin
Viruses
Apoptosis inducers
Carcinogens
Tumor promoters
Stress
ROS
✔✔Outcomes of NF-kB Activation - ✔✔Inflammation
Lymphoid organogenesis
B cell survival and maturation
Bone metabolism
Angiogenesis
Metastasis
Tumor promotion
Proliferation
Survival/anti-apoptosis
✔✔Toll-like Receptors - ✔✔Pattern recognition receptors recognize pathogens
✔✔Mammalian TLRs - ✔✔IL-1
NF-kB
I-kB
IRAK
✔✔TLRs expression - ✔✔Innate immune system
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Cancer cells
✔✔TLR 1/2/6 Ligands - ✔✔Bacterial lipoproteins
, Lipotechoic acid
✔✔TLR3 Ligands - ✔✔Viral dsRNA
✔✔TLR4 Ligands - ✔✔Lipopolysaccharide (LPS/Endotoxin)
✔✔TLR5 Ligands - ✔✔Bacterial flagellin
✔✔TLR7/8 Ligands - ✔✔Viral and bacterial ssRNA
✔✔TLR9 Ligands - ✔✔Viral and bacterial unmethylated CpG motifs in DNA, DNA:RNA
hybrids
✔✔TLR11 Ligands - ✔✔Protozoan profilin-like
✔✔TLR1/2/4/5/6 - ✔✔Cell surface
✔✔TLR3/7/8/9 - ✔✔Endosomal
✔✔Canonical signaling - ✔✔1. Ligand binds to TLR dimers
2. TLR-TIR domains more closely associated
3. MyD88 recruitment via TIR domains
4. Recruitment/activation of IKK complex (NEMO, IKKa, IKKB) via phosphorylation of
IKKB
5. IKK phosphorylates IkB
6. Proteasomal degration
7. Freed NF-kB dimer
8. Nuclear translocation
9. Gene transcription
✔✔Non-Canonical Signaling - ✔✔1. Receptor dependent activation of NIK
2. Phosphorylation of IKKa
3. Phosphorylation of NFkB2
4. Proteasomal conversion to p52
5. Nuclear translocation
✔✔Programmed Cell Death (PCD) - ✔✔3 types
✔✔Apoptosis - ✔✔Type I PCD; cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, membrane
blebbing, loss of adhesion
✔✔Autophagy - ✔✔Type II PCD; catabolic process involving degradation of cellular
components by lysosomal machinery
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Non-Canonical Receptors - ✔✔BAFFR
CD40
LTBR
RANK
✔✔Non-Canonical Characteristics - ✔✔Slow and persistent
Dependent on protein synthesis
Respond to a subset of TNFR signals
Specific functions
✔✔Activation of NF-kB - ✔✔Cytokines
Endotoxin
Viruses
Apoptosis inducers
Carcinogens
Tumor promoters
Stress
ROS
✔✔Outcomes of NF-kB Activation - ✔✔Inflammation
Lymphoid organogenesis
B cell survival and maturation
Bone metabolism
Angiogenesis
Metastasis
Tumor promotion
Proliferation
Survival/anti-apoptosis
✔✔Toll-like Receptors - ✔✔Pattern recognition receptors recognize pathogens
✔✔Mammalian TLRs - ✔✔IL-1
NF-kB
I-kB
IRAK
✔✔TLRs expression - ✔✔Innate immune system
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Cancer cells
✔✔TLR 1/2/6 Ligands - ✔✔Bacterial lipoproteins
, Lipotechoic acid
✔✔TLR3 Ligands - ✔✔Viral dsRNA
✔✔TLR4 Ligands - ✔✔Lipopolysaccharide (LPS/Endotoxin)
✔✔TLR5 Ligands - ✔✔Bacterial flagellin
✔✔TLR7/8 Ligands - ✔✔Viral and bacterial ssRNA
✔✔TLR9 Ligands - ✔✔Viral and bacterial unmethylated CpG motifs in DNA, DNA:RNA
hybrids
✔✔TLR11 Ligands - ✔✔Protozoan profilin-like
✔✔TLR1/2/4/5/6 - ✔✔Cell surface
✔✔TLR3/7/8/9 - ✔✔Endosomal
✔✔Canonical signaling - ✔✔1. Ligand binds to TLR dimers
2. TLR-TIR domains more closely associated
3. MyD88 recruitment via TIR domains
4. Recruitment/activation of IKK complex (NEMO, IKKa, IKKB) via phosphorylation of
IKKB
5. IKK phosphorylates IkB
6. Proteasomal degration
7. Freed NF-kB dimer
8. Nuclear translocation
9. Gene transcription
✔✔Non-Canonical Signaling - ✔✔1. Receptor dependent activation of NIK
2. Phosphorylation of IKKa
3. Phosphorylation of NFkB2
4. Proteasomal conversion to p52
5. Nuclear translocation
✔✔Programmed Cell Death (PCD) - ✔✔3 types
✔✔Apoptosis - ✔✔Type I PCD; cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, membrane
blebbing, loss of adhesion
✔✔Autophagy - ✔✔Type II PCD; catabolic process involving degradation of cellular
components by lysosomal machinery
