Summary Unit 3.3.5.- Alcohols

3. 3. 5. ALCOHOLS

general formula Cn Hun , OH functional
groups attached prefix
where
naming more
=

use
: : =
"



↳ other f- UNC G take
suffix : -
ol prefix hydroxy: -
. .



priority
functional
group hydroxyl g. R OH
:
-




classification ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS
Br
R -

-

chain of carbons on
-

C chain with -


OH i
-
O"



PRIMARY 119
R, -




¢ -
H

NO aromatic NO double bonds
IR C where OH is
group attached to
'


ring;
-



a
-
-


a
pit
SECONDARY 129 f b bond
IR groups attached to C where OH is cyclic planar structures with IT
" Rr
benzene
- -
-

- -
-




H
,



!
"

TERTIARY 139 =3 R
groups attached to C where OH is k -
R.


" AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS -

PHENOLS

aromatic alcohols where the OH attached
summary is
-




OH
41-13
a nonaromatic hydrocarbons contain hydroxyl directly to the
ring
'
-




i group roti
l l l l
be 1420130 determined other bonds benzene
by how many ring
-
=
can
-
-
- = -




the C with -

OH attached has
-



NOT BASES -
the OH doesn't dissociate like base
-


molecular compounds

PROPERTIES 1.
volatility & BPT
bond
K) at
temperature 19h09 hydrogen bonding BPT
length ti BPT
"
room
:
chain T
-
-
-


"



-




high BPT
"

I
,
-




!
f
-




i
- - - - -




Hirota .

"
-



HIGH BPT & MPT Lamore IME i harder to overcome


strong IMF branched chains lower BPT
-
' -
-




with tho ↳ can't pack
can mix
densely ; less IMF
-




1.
solubility
-



decreases with alcohol length -
influence of
Hydrogen bonds
-



lower RMM alcohols are miscible with tho


3. solvents
dissolve number of
large org, molecules
-




SHAPE OF ALCOHOL GROUP
H
"
-

O atom has
bonding pairs
2 and I lone pairs i -

H -

C -


p:
the repulsion strength between bonding pairs less than between LP and BP
-




is '

H


angle between the bonds
-




an

, 3.3.5 .
ALCOHOLS
CHEM PROPERTIES .




-
O has 2 LP

BASES Lewis bases :
are lone pair up) donors NUCLEOPHILE :
alcohols use the LP to attack electron
Bronsted
'
deficient centres
lowry bases p acceptors
-



-

are

-


alcohols use 1 of LP to form co ordinate bond -




USES OF ALCOHOLS

ethanol drinks methanol solvent ; petrol additive combustion of petrol
improves
-




solvents -
industrial alcohol raw material -




industrial processes feedstock
BIOFUELS -




petrol substitute BIOFUEL


BIOFUELS
-
-

fuel made from biomass combustion of alcohols
plant using W El H2O during photosynthesis to produce CH , CHAH t 30 →
1W t 3 HD
-




,
sugar . ,




plant l : sugars) go through fermentation to make ethanol
-




when the fuel burnt exothermic reaction of GHS OH to releases
energy
-




;




denatured alcohol ethanol that has been made toxic and undrinkable addition of other chemical additives
by
-
-




(meths) 901 etamd lot methanol
traditional additive methanol which formed
methylated spirits
-


:
,
.
.




-

useful as portable fuel
)
'
HIDDEN 02 RELEASE (THEY R NOT C NEUTRAL -

DEATH
CQ
-
- -




Yo
absorbed
-
-


w, released
- ,


energy required at diff stages burning fossil fuels
, > -



,

/ PLANTS
/ y
V
>
plant growth :
fertilisers ; pesticides (production require E pollution) -
-




planting & harvesting & transport
/


FUEL BURNT IN CARS FUEL MANUFACTURE machines require fossil fuel
"a > :
-




reactions : > fractional distillation of GHS OH -




requires E

6 Ah 6 H2O Cohn Oo 60 , transportation of fuel to fuel pumps
'

-
t → t s -




requires E
↳
glucose produced = PHOTOSYNTHESIS
-


Cott noo →
I C , Hs OH t 2W , ISSUES WITH BIOFUEL RAW MATERIAL
I, FERMENTATION of glucose to produce ethanol although crops are renewable issues where it's grown
-

- →




AHHH 30 I 3 tho climate weather ; trees cut down ;
W, time to
long
t → t
grow
- -




,


↳ COMBUSTION of ethanol to produce energy
-

land used for crops = used for fuel production
add equations together
-



:




Y g q released
of
used in
production glucose
, -
2 fermentation , h combustion