CPCE EXAM STUDY GUIDE-COUNSELOR PREPERATION COMPREHEN-
SIVE EXAM|QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLU-
TIONS|GRADED A+|PASS ON FIRST ATTEMPT|BRAND NEW
2026/2027 UPDATE!!!!!
3 categories of human development - ANSWER physical, cognitive, psychosocial
Physical human development - ANSWER Biological and physiological growth, emer-
gence/refinement of gross and fine motor skills (speaking, hand-eye coordination)
Cognitive human development - ANSWER Notices and utilizing senses, memory, ability to
imagine, understand abstract concepts, language and processing one's perceptions and
emotions
Psychosocial human development - ANSWER Cultivating and nurturing relationships, con-
tributing to society. How an individual responds to their environment.
According to Erikson, children's development is shaped not only by their genetics but also by
_________ - ANSWER society
What is Erik Erickson best known for? - ANSWER The importance he plays on the con-
structs of conflict negotiation and identity crisis in development of human personality
Trust vs. Mistrust - ANSWER Occurs during infancy;
Develops hope
Autonomy vs. shame - ANSWER Occurs during ages 1.5-3;
Develops will
1
,Initiative vs. guilt - ANSWER Occurs during ages 2-6;
Develops purpose
Industry vs. inferiority - ANSWER Ages 6-12;
Develops competence
Identity vs. diffusion - ANSWER Ages 12-18;
Develops fidelity (faithfulness)
Intimacy vs. isolation - ANSWER Ages 19-40;
Develops love
Generativity vs. self-absorption - ANSWER Ages 40-65;
Develops care
Integrity vs. despair - ANSWER Ages 65-death;
Develops wisdom
Erikson believed that experiencing obstacles within any of the age states leads to what? -
ANSWER Psychopathology, but positive experiences later in life could provide healing
What does Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory focus on? - ANSWER Client's subcon-
scious and unconscious thoughts and desires;
Internal struggles between biological urges and social expectations
Three influential texts written during the psychoanalysis period (Early 1900s-1970s) - AN-
SWER The Interpretation of Dreams, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and the Ego and the
Id
2
,When did Freud believe personality development took place? - ANSWER Primarily during
childhood
The Id - ANSWER Driven to satisfy physical urge (in conflict with the superego)
Seeks to fulfill most basic needs
Impulse
The Superego - ANSWER Driven to act in a socially acceptable manner (in conflict with
the Id)
Resistance
The Ego - ANSWER Developed by the conflict between the id and the superego;
the basis for individual personality ("the self")
The other name for the ego - ANSWER The self
Five stages of psychosexual development - ANSWER Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and geni-
tal
What did Freud believe would lead to psychopathology? - ANSWER The inability to find a
resolution between the id and the superego
What are Piaget's four stages of development? - ANSWER Sensorimotor, pre operational,
concrete operational, and formal operational
3
, Piaget's sensorimotor stage - ANSWER Birth-2 years old;
learning to interact with environment, using their senses, making sounds;
object permanence
What is object permanence - ANSWER A child realizes that an object or person still exists
even though the child may not be able to see them
Piaget's pre operational stage - ANSWER Ages 2-7;
Increasing language skills and developing imagination and a sense of relational time
Piaget's concrete operational stage - ANSWER Ages 7-12;
Older children learn to reason and think of others
Piaget's formal operational stage - ANSWER Ages 12 and up;
rest of the lifetime; learns to think critically, develop and test hypotheses, and build deeper
relationships
What is Kohlberg known for? - ANSWER His work examining how people develop morals
Kohlberg's Moral Development - ANSWER Preconventional, conventional, postconven-
tional;
moral development begins in preschool to young childhood age range
Preconventional morality - ANSWER First level of Kolhberg's stages;
individuals are influenced by reward and punishment
- Stage 1: orientation to obedience and punishment
- Stage 2: individualism and exchange (learning gray areas to right and wrong)
4
SIVE EXAM|QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLU-
TIONS|GRADED A+|PASS ON FIRST ATTEMPT|BRAND NEW
2026/2027 UPDATE!!!!!
3 categories of human development - ANSWER physical, cognitive, psychosocial
Physical human development - ANSWER Biological and physiological growth, emer-
gence/refinement of gross and fine motor skills (speaking, hand-eye coordination)
Cognitive human development - ANSWER Notices and utilizing senses, memory, ability to
imagine, understand abstract concepts, language and processing one's perceptions and
emotions
Psychosocial human development - ANSWER Cultivating and nurturing relationships, con-
tributing to society. How an individual responds to their environment.
According to Erikson, children's development is shaped not only by their genetics but also by
_________ - ANSWER society
What is Erik Erickson best known for? - ANSWER The importance he plays on the con-
structs of conflict negotiation and identity crisis in development of human personality
Trust vs. Mistrust - ANSWER Occurs during infancy;
Develops hope
Autonomy vs. shame - ANSWER Occurs during ages 1.5-3;
Develops will
1
,Initiative vs. guilt - ANSWER Occurs during ages 2-6;
Develops purpose
Industry vs. inferiority - ANSWER Ages 6-12;
Develops competence
Identity vs. diffusion - ANSWER Ages 12-18;
Develops fidelity (faithfulness)
Intimacy vs. isolation - ANSWER Ages 19-40;
Develops love
Generativity vs. self-absorption - ANSWER Ages 40-65;
Develops care
Integrity vs. despair - ANSWER Ages 65-death;
Develops wisdom
Erikson believed that experiencing obstacles within any of the age states leads to what? -
ANSWER Psychopathology, but positive experiences later in life could provide healing
What does Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory focus on? - ANSWER Client's subcon-
scious and unconscious thoughts and desires;
Internal struggles between biological urges and social expectations
Three influential texts written during the psychoanalysis period (Early 1900s-1970s) - AN-
SWER The Interpretation of Dreams, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and the Ego and the
Id
2
,When did Freud believe personality development took place? - ANSWER Primarily during
childhood
The Id - ANSWER Driven to satisfy physical urge (in conflict with the superego)
Seeks to fulfill most basic needs
Impulse
The Superego - ANSWER Driven to act in a socially acceptable manner (in conflict with
the Id)
Resistance
The Ego - ANSWER Developed by the conflict between the id and the superego;
the basis for individual personality ("the self")
The other name for the ego - ANSWER The self
Five stages of psychosexual development - ANSWER Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and geni-
tal
What did Freud believe would lead to psychopathology? - ANSWER The inability to find a
resolution between the id and the superego
What are Piaget's four stages of development? - ANSWER Sensorimotor, pre operational,
concrete operational, and formal operational
3
, Piaget's sensorimotor stage - ANSWER Birth-2 years old;
learning to interact with environment, using their senses, making sounds;
object permanence
What is object permanence - ANSWER A child realizes that an object or person still exists
even though the child may not be able to see them
Piaget's pre operational stage - ANSWER Ages 2-7;
Increasing language skills and developing imagination and a sense of relational time
Piaget's concrete operational stage - ANSWER Ages 7-12;
Older children learn to reason and think of others
Piaget's formal operational stage - ANSWER Ages 12 and up;
rest of the lifetime; learns to think critically, develop and test hypotheses, and build deeper
relationships
What is Kohlberg known for? - ANSWER His work examining how people develop morals
Kohlberg's Moral Development - ANSWER Preconventional, conventional, postconven-
tional;
moral development begins in preschool to young childhood age range
Preconventional morality - ANSWER First level of Kolhberg's stages;
individuals are influenced by reward and punishment
- Stage 1: orientation to obedience and punishment
- Stage 2: individualism and exchange (learning gray areas to right and wrong)
4
