Microbiology Exam 3 Dr. Parks UTA.
Newest 2026-2027. Questions and
Correct Answers. Graded A
-cides/-cidal - ANSkill
-ichip - ANSgrown in situ instead of cultured
-static - ANSstop growth
acidophiles pH - ANS<5.5
aerobe - ANSprefers O2
aerotolerance - ANSdetermined by location of growth
aerotolerant - ANStolerates O2
aerotolerant anaerobes - ANSdo not utilize oxygen but can survive and
grow in its presence; Lactobacillus spp.
alcohols - ANS-used as disinfectants and antiseptics
-MOA: disrupts membranes and denatures cytoplasmic proteins --> lysis
-used as 70% to allow better cell penetration
1
,-only viricidal for enveloped viruses
-can be used in combo with iodine
Alexander Flemming - ANS-accidentally discovered antibiotic from
Penicillium notatum growing on bacterial agar plate with Staphylococci
(1928)
-Penicillin is 1st natural antibiotic
-purified, tested, and mass produced in 1940s
alexidine - ANSfaster acting surgical scrub "up and coming"
alkaliphiles pH - ANS8-10.5
alkylating agents - ANS-strong disinfecting agents
-replace hydrogen atom with alkyl group
-MOA: inactivates enzymes and nucleic acids
-formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, ethylene oxide, and B-propionolactone
allylamines - ANS-inhibit earlier step in ergosterol biosynthesis
-treat dermatophylic skin infections: athlete's foot, ringworm. jock itch
-terbinafine (lamisil)
alternate patterns of growth - ANSSome divide asymmetrically (budding) or
fragmentation
Amantadine and Rimantadine - ANS-antiviral drugs
-treatment of influenza A
2
,-MOA: binds to transmembrane protein
-blocking escape from endosome prevents RNA release into host cells
aminoglycosides - ANS-bind to 30s subunit of ribosome and impair
"proofreading" ability
-ex: streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin
anaerobe - ANSprefers other than O2
Antibiotic resistance - ANS-arises from increased selective pressure (ex:
evolution)
-selective pressure increased through: misuse and inappropriate use of
antimicrobials, subtherapeutic dosage, patient noncompliance
-resistance genes are obtained through horizontal and vertical transfer
Antifungal Drugs - ANS-common MOA: disruption of sterol synthesis and
membrane integrity
-prominent drugs: imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes
antimetabolites - ANScompetitive inhibitors of enzymes to stop certain
pathways
Antiprotozoan drugs - ANS-two main MOAs: inhibition of various
metabolites and inhibition of DNA synthesis
-prominent drugs: atovaquone, proguanil, metronidazole, pentamidine,
artemisinin, quinolines
3
, antiseptic - ANS-acts on microbes but not organism/tissue
-ex: hydrogen peroxide, rubbing alcohol
antithelmintic drugs - ANS-achieving selective toxicity is challenging
-prominent drugs: mebendazole, ivermectin, niclosamide, praziquantel
Antiviral drugs - ANS-common MOA: inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
-ex: acyclovir; specificity: viral enzyme activation and affinity for viral DNA
polymerase
-other MOA: inhibition of neuraminidase that aids in release of viral
particles from host cell; ex: oseltamivir (tamiflu)- red protein found on
influenza envelope
artemisinin - ANSunclear, but likely damages target cells by ROS;
antimalarial
aseptic technique - ANSused to prevent sterile environment from becoming
contaminated
atovaquone for antifungal drugs - ANSantimetabolite for fungal and
protozoal mitochondrial cytochrome function
atovaquone for antiprotozoan drugs - ANS-inhibits electron transport
-malaria, babeiosis, toxoplasmosis
autoclave - ANS-raise temperature of water above boiling point (~121C) by
raising pressure to 15 psi
4
Newest 2026-2027. Questions and
Correct Answers. Graded A
-cides/-cidal - ANSkill
-ichip - ANSgrown in situ instead of cultured
-static - ANSstop growth
acidophiles pH - ANS<5.5
aerobe - ANSprefers O2
aerotolerance - ANSdetermined by location of growth
aerotolerant - ANStolerates O2
aerotolerant anaerobes - ANSdo not utilize oxygen but can survive and
grow in its presence; Lactobacillus spp.
alcohols - ANS-used as disinfectants and antiseptics
-MOA: disrupts membranes and denatures cytoplasmic proteins --> lysis
-used as 70% to allow better cell penetration
1
,-only viricidal for enveloped viruses
-can be used in combo with iodine
Alexander Flemming - ANS-accidentally discovered antibiotic from
Penicillium notatum growing on bacterial agar plate with Staphylococci
(1928)
-Penicillin is 1st natural antibiotic
-purified, tested, and mass produced in 1940s
alexidine - ANSfaster acting surgical scrub "up and coming"
alkaliphiles pH - ANS8-10.5
alkylating agents - ANS-strong disinfecting agents
-replace hydrogen atom with alkyl group
-MOA: inactivates enzymes and nucleic acids
-formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, ethylene oxide, and B-propionolactone
allylamines - ANS-inhibit earlier step in ergosterol biosynthesis
-treat dermatophylic skin infections: athlete's foot, ringworm. jock itch
-terbinafine (lamisil)
alternate patterns of growth - ANSSome divide asymmetrically (budding) or
fragmentation
Amantadine and Rimantadine - ANS-antiviral drugs
-treatment of influenza A
2
,-MOA: binds to transmembrane protein
-blocking escape from endosome prevents RNA release into host cells
aminoglycosides - ANS-bind to 30s subunit of ribosome and impair
"proofreading" ability
-ex: streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin
anaerobe - ANSprefers other than O2
Antibiotic resistance - ANS-arises from increased selective pressure (ex:
evolution)
-selective pressure increased through: misuse and inappropriate use of
antimicrobials, subtherapeutic dosage, patient noncompliance
-resistance genes are obtained through horizontal and vertical transfer
Antifungal Drugs - ANS-common MOA: disruption of sterol synthesis and
membrane integrity
-prominent drugs: imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes
antimetabolites - ANScompetitive inhibitors of enzymes to stop certain
pathways
Antiprotozoan drugs - ANS-two main MOAs: inhibition of various
metabolites and inhibition of DNA synthesis
-prominent drugs: atovaquone, proguanil, metronidazole, pentamidine,
artemisinin, quinolines
3
, antiseptic - ANS-acts on microbes but not organism/tissue
-ex: hydrogen peroxide, rubbing alcohol
antithelmintic drugs - ANS-achieving selective toxicity is challenging
-prominent drugs: mebendazole, ivermectin, niclosamide, praziquantel
Antiviral drugs - ANS-common MOA: inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
-ex: acyclovir; specificity: viral enzyme activation and affinity for viral DNA
polymerase
-other MOA: inhibition of neuraminidase that aids in release of viral
particles from host cell; ex: oseltamivir (tamiflu)- red protein found on
influenza envelope
artemisinin - ANSunclear, but likely damages target cells by ROS;
antimalarial
aseptic technique - ANSused to prevent sterile environment from becoming
contaminated
atovaquone for antifungal drugs - ANSantimetabolite for fungal and
protozoal mitochondrial cytochrome function
atovaquone for antiprotozoan drugs - ANS-inhibits electron transport
-malaria, babeiosis, toxoplasmosis
autoclave - ANS-raise temperature of water above boiling point (~121C) by
raising pressure to 15 psi
4
