Micro Exam 4 (CH. 15,16 &17). Newest
2026-2027. Questions and Correct
Answers. Graded A
Acute disease - ANSrelatively short (hours, days, week)
Adhesins - ANS•proteins that aid in attachment to host cell receptors
•Found in all microbial types (viral, fungal, bacterial, etc.)
•Commonly found on fimbriae or pili
•Can initiate biofilm formation in some species
Alternative pathway - ANS•initiated by the spontaneous activation of C3
•no microbe -> C3b degraded
•microbe present -> C3b binds and recruits other proteins in cascade
Analytical - ANS•selects group to evaluate hypothesis
•Can be:
•Retrospective - data from past groups
•Prospective - date from current subjects moving forward
Case-control - ANS•compares groups w/ disease to group w/o
•Commonly retrospective
CDC - ANS•CDC protects public from disease/injury
•CDC publishes Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
1
,•Provides physicians and health-care workers with updates on public health
issues and latest data on notifiable diseases
Cellular Innate Defense: Agranulocytes - ANS•Lack visible granules in
cytoplasm
•Lymphocytes:
-Natural killer cells; innate immune system
-B cells and T cells; adaptive immune system
•Monocytes - differentiate into:
-Macrophages
-Dendritic cells
^Mononuclear phagocyte system
Cellular Innate Defense: Basophils - ANS•Activated complement cascade
induce degranulation of basophils
•Important in allergic reactions and inflammatory responses
•Granules contain histamine & cytokines
Cellular Innate Defense: Eosinophils - ANS•Good protection against
protozoa & helminths
•Granules contain histamine, degradative enzymes, and major basic
protein (MBP)
Cellular Innate Defense: Mast Cells - ANS•Derived from the same source
cell as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
•Similar function to basophils
•Leave blood; reside is surrounding tissues
2
, •Associated with blood vessels and nerves or found close to surface
structures (i.e. skin and mucous membranes)
Cellular Innate Defense: Monocytes - ANS•Largest constituent of WBCs
•Differentiate into tissue-specific phagocytes;
-macrophage: specialized in tissues
-dendritic cell: skin and mucous membranes
•Important promoters of adaptive immunity
Cellular Innate Defense: Natural Killer Cells - ANS•Seek out non-self
markers (i.e. tumors and viral infected host cells)
•Can express cytokines & cytotoxic molecules stored in granules to kill non-
self cell
•Use perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis in target cells
Cellular Innate Defense: Neutrophils - ANS•Involved with destruction of
extracellular bacteria
•Produce defensins & hydrolytic enzymes
•Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) - mesh of chromatin with AMPs to
trap pathogens
•Pus formation visible at site of infection (buildup of leukocytes, cellular
debris, and bacteria)
Chemical Innate Defense: AMPs - ANS•Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs):
cell-derived mediators with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties
•AMPs can damage membranes, destroy DNA/RNA, or cell wall synthesis
3
2026-2027. Questions and Correct
Answers. Graded A
Acute disease - ANSrelatively short (hours, days, week)
Adhesins - ANS•proteins that aid in attachment to host cell receptors
•Found in all microbial types (viral, fungal, bacterial, etc.)
•Commonly found on fimbriae or pili
•Can initiate biofilm formation in some species
Alternative pathway - ANS•initiated by the spontaneous activation of C3
•no microbe -> C3b degraded
•microbe present -> C3b binds and recruits other proteins in cascade
Analytical - ANS•selects group to evaluate hypothesis
•Can be:
•Retrospective - data from past groups
•Prospective - date from current subjects moving forward
Case-control - ANS•compares groups w/ disease to group w/o
•Commonly retrospective
CDC - ANS•CDC protects public from disease/injury
•CDC publishes Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
1
,•Provides physicians and health-care workers with updates on public health
issues and latest data on notifiable diseases
Cellular Innate Defense: Agranulocytes - ANS•Lack visible granules in
cytoplasm
•Lymphocytes:
-Natural killer cells; innate immune system
-B cells and T cells; adaptive immune system
•Monocytes - differentiate into:
-Macrophages
-Dendritic cells
^Mononuclear phagocyte system
Cellular Innate Defense: Basophils - ANS•Activated complement cascade
induce degranulation of basophils
•Important in allergic reactions and inflammatory responses
•Granules contain histamine & cytokines
Cellular Innate Defense: Eosinophils - ANS•Good protection against
protozoa & helminths
•Granules contain histamine, degradative enzymes, and major basic
protein (MBP)
Cellular Innate Defense: Mast Cells - ANS•Derived from the same source
cell as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
•Similar function to basophils
•Leave blood; reside is surrounding tissues
2
, •Associated with blood vessels and nerves or found close to surface
structures (i.e. skin and mucous membranes)
Cellular Innate Defense: Monocytes - ANS•Largest constituent of WBCs
•Differentiate into tissue-specific phagocytes;
-macrophage: specialized in tissues
-dendritic cell: skin and mucous membranes
•Important promoters of adaptive immunity
Cellular Innate Defense: Natural Killer Cells - ANS•Seek out non-self
markers (i.e. tumors and viral infected host cells)
•Can express cytokines & cytotoxic molecules stored in granules to kill non-
self cell
•Use perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis in target cells
Cellular Innate Defense: Neutrophils - ANS•Involved with destruction of
extracellular bacteria
•Produce defensins & hydrolytic enzymes
•Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) - mesh of chromatin with AMPs to
trap pathogens
•Pus formation visible at site of infection (buildup of leukocytes, cellular
debris, and bacteria)
Chemical Innate Defense: AMPs - ANS•Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs):
cell-derived mediators with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties
•AMPs can damage membranes, destroy DNA/RNA, or cell wall synthesis
3
