MICROBIOLOGY EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
microorganisms - Answers - organisms that are too small to be seen with an unaided
eye
microbes in our lives - Answers - <1% pathogenic
decompose organic waste
produces by photosynthesis
industrial chemicals
fermentation
outnumber us
What are some eukaryotic cells? - Answers - fungi, protozoans, algae
What are some prokaryotes? - Answers - bacteria, viruses(not a cell)
What word describes that microbes are everywhere, all around us? - Answers - they are
ubiquitous
What is an example of a microbe? - Answers - polar bear hairs are hollow in warmer
weather- microorganisms, algae & cyanobacteria gets in hair and turns it green
Microbial Ecology - Answers - part of ecosystem
bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur and phosphorus that can be used by plants
and animals
use photosynthesis- ocean/freshwater to produce energy- make carbon compounds
which serve as a food source, bottom link of food chain
Bioremediation - Answers - process that used naturally occurring or genetically
engineered microorganisms
What does bacteria do in bioremediation? - Answers - degrade organic matter in
sewage or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury
outcome: detoxify/reduces toxicity
What are some examples of bioremediation? - Answers - few species of bacteria
(pseudomonas sp.) can use crude oil for energy, cleaning up oil spills in ocean
What is a real life example of bioremediation? - Answers - April 20, 2010 BP oil spill in
Gulf
June- scientist sample oil blume at 3600 ft below surface, 100x, find oil degrading
August- short chain hydrocarbons gone, bacteria still more damaging long chain
carbons present, study these bacteria- identify their oil by degrading enzymes
,What did they use on the gulf? - Answers - used dispertants/absorbant booms, sink
down oil globs, more surface area for bacteria to break it down
Bioremediation of Landfills - Answers - 300 metric tons of trash and waste deposited
into environment each yr.
-successful remediation needs microbes/bacteria + H2O + O2
-ground water, which is the primary source of drinking for many is often polluted
Waste management by Bioremediation - Answers - use of microbes to breakdown or
remove toxic wastes in water and soil, uses pesticides reduced by 96% solvents
reduced from 1 million ppb to <10pph, heavy metals detoxified
How to microbes interact with plants? - Answers - they make nitrogen available to plants
N2- not form that can be used by most organisms
-bacteria can metabolize N2-NO2 & NH4 (ammonia)
-these forms can be used by nitrate plants
-????
How do microbes aid in the digestive process of grazing animals? - Answers - bacteria
in gut breakdown cellulose to usable compounds in animals, produce necessary
enzymes
Microbes as biopesticides - Answers - -bacillus thurginiensis(bacterium)- toxic to insects
that that ingest them, produces spores and crystals, insects ingests crystal- activated
and breaks down digestive tract, harmless to other organisms, found in commercial
dusts, chops caterpillar up on inside
Biotechnology - Answers - use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, is centuries
old
-fermentation processes
-industrial processes
-medical uses-making insulin
-milk being coagulated by rennin, forming curd, bacteria for flavor and acidity
Microbes synthesize antibiotics - Answers - natural metabolic product of bacteria/fungi,
releasing antibiotics into surroundings
-bacteria with penicillin mold circle at bottom (pic on ppt. 1, slide 22)
-competition to protect themselves from other organisms
Recombinant DNA technology - Answers - -enables bacteria and fungi to produce a
variety of proteins for vaccines and enzymes, drugs
-missing of defective replaced in gene therapy (viruses)
-Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from insects from freezing
-gene (codes for)-> proteins-> i.e. insulin
Types of Microorganisms - Answers - -bacteria
, -bread from mold-fungus
-amoeba- protozoan
-velvox-algae
-human T gr., red=HIV
Bacteria - Answers - -prokaryotes (pro= before, yotes= nucelus), lack a nucleus
-peptidoglycan cell walls
-reproduce by binary fission
Archaea - Answers - unusual type of bacteria
prokaryotic
-lack of peptidoglycan, different cell wall makeup, different cell membrane
-methanogens- produce methane gas, different lipids that have different linkages
-allow Archea to resist chemicals and extreme heat
-can't take Archea out of extreme environment to invade human as host
multicellular animal parasites - Answers - -eukaryotes
-multicellular animals
-parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths->parabitic infections
-microscopic stages in life cycles
Other Eukaryotic microbes - Answers - -algae
-protozoans->giardia sp.->intesinal problems
Viruses - Answers - -acellular, non living (not cells)
-DNA or RNA core cells
-core is surrounded by protein coat->capsid
-coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
-replicated only when they are in a living host cell, obligate parasite (require host) to
replicate
400 B.C Hippocrates - Answers - Greek physician
-associated certain symptoms w/ certain illness
-ethical standards for the practice of medicine
Bubonic Plague - Answers - -Yersinia Pestis-> flee takes blood meal, with bacteria from
flee, bite transfers bacteria
-killed >25 million people in Europe
Symptoms - Answers - -swelling of lymph nodes (buboes)
-intravascular coagulation +subcutaneous hemorrhaging=necrosis, gangrene, -black
death
-death w/in 2-4 days of first symptoms
Jewish Population during Plague - Answers - escaped plague's devastation b/c of
biblical cleanliness laws, kept rats w/ bacteria out of their house
microorganisms - Answers - organisms that are too small to be seen with an unaided
eye
microbes in our lives - Answers - <1% pathogenic
decompose organic waste
produces by photosynthesis
industrial chemicals
fermentation
outnumber us
What are some eukaryotic cells? - Answers - fungi, protozoans, algae
What are some prokaryotes? - Answers - bacteria, viruses(not a cell)
What word describes that microbes are everywhere, all around us? - Answers - they are
ubiquitous
What is an example of a microbe? - Answers - polar bear hairs are hollow in warmer
weather- microorganisms, algae & cyanobacteria gets in hair and turns it green
Microbial Ecology - Answers - part of ecosystem
bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur and phosphorus that can be used by plants
and animals
use photosynthesis- ocean/freshwater to produce energy- make carbon compounds
which serve as a food source, bottom link of food chain
Bioremediation - Answers - process that used naturally occurring or genetically
engineered microorganisms
What does bacteria do in bioremediation? - Answers - degrade organic matter in
sewage or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury
outcome: detoxify/reduces toxicity
What are some examples of bioremediation? - Answers - few species of bacteria
(pseudomonas sp.) can use crude oil for energy, cleaning up oil spills in ocean
What is a real life example of bioremediation? - Answers - April 20, 2010 BP oil spill in
Gulf
June- scientist sample oil blume at 3600 ft below surface, 100x, find oil degrading
August- short chain hydrocarbons gone, bacteria still more damaging long chain
carbons present, study these bacteria- identify their oil by degrading enzymes
,What did they use on the gulf? - Answers - used dispertants/absorbant booms, sink
down oil globs, more surface area for bacteria to break it down
Bioremediation of Landfills - Answers - 300 metric tons of trash and waste deposited
into environment each yr.
-successful remediation needs microbes/bacteria + H2O + O2
-ground water, which is the primary source of drinking for many is often polluted
Waste management by Bioremediation - Answers - use of microbes to breakdown or
remove toxic wastes in water and soil, uses pesticides reduced by 96% solvents
reduced from 1 million ppb to <10pph, heavy metals detoxified
How to microbes interact with plants? - Answers - they make nitrogen available to plants
N2- not form that can be used by most organisms
-bacteria can metabolize N2-NO2 & NH4 (ammonia)
-these forms can be used by nitrate plants
-????
How do microbes aid in the digestive process of grazing animals? - Answers - bacteria
in gut breakdown cellulose to usable compounds in animals, produce necessary
enzymes
Microbes as biopesticides - Answers - -bacillus thurginiensis(bacterium)- toxic to insects
that that ingest them, produces spores and crystals, insects ingests crystal- activated
and breaks down digestive tract, harmless to other organisms, found in commercial
dusts, chops caterpillar up on inside
Biotechnology - Answers - use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, is centuries
old
-fermentation processes
-industrial processes
-medical uses-making insulin
-milk being coagulated by rennin, forming curd, bacteria for flavor and acidity
Microbes synthesize antibiotics - Answers - natural metabolic product of bacteria/fungi,
releasing antibiotics into surroundings
-bacteria with penicillin mold circle at bottom (pic on ppt. 1, slide 22)
-competition to protect themselves from other organisms
Recombinant DNA technology - Answers - -enables bacteria and fungi to produce a
variety of proteins for vaccines and enzymes, drugs
-missing of defective replaced in gene therapy (viruses)
-Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from insects from freezing
-gene (codes for)-> proteins-> i.e. insulin
Types of Microorganisms - Answers - -bacteria
, -bread from mold-fungus
-amoeba- protozoan
-velvox-algae
-human T gr., red=HIV
Bacteria - Answers - -prokaryotes (pro= before, yotes= nucelus), lack a nucleus
-peptidoglycan cell walls
-reproduce by binary fission
Archaea - Answers - unusual type of bacteria
prokaryotic
-lack of peptidoglycan, different cell wall makeup, different cell membrane
-methanogens- produce methane gas, different lipids that have different linkages
-allow Archea to resist chemicals and extreme heat
-can't take Archea out of extreme environment to invade human as host
multicellular animal parasites - Answers - -eukaryotes
-multicellular animals
-parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths->parabitic infections
-microscopic stages in life cycles
Other Eukaryotic microbes - Answers - -algae
-protozoans->giardia sp.->intesinal problems
Viruses - Answers - -acellular, non living (not cells)
-DNA or RNA core cells
-core is surrounded by protein coat->capsid
-coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
-replicated only when they are in a living host cell, obligate parasite (require host) to
replicate
400 B.C Hippocrates - Answers - Greek physician
-associated certain symptoms w/ certain illness
-ethical standards for the practice of medicine
Bubonic Plague - Answers - -Yersinia Pestis-> flee takes blood meal, with bacteria from
flee, bite transfers bacteria
-killed >25 million people in Europe
Symptoms - Answers - -swelling of lymph nodes (buboes)
-intravascular coagulation +subcutaneous hemorrhaging=necrosis, gangrene, -black
death
-death w/in 2-4 days of first symptoms
Jewish Population during Plague - Answers - escaped plague's devastation b/c of
biblical cleanliness laws, kept rats w/ bacteria out of their house
