Microbiology 4000 OSU chapter 8 exam ques on
latest 2026 update
origin of replica on
Site where the replica on of a DNA molecule begins.
promotor
A region of DNA with a specific sequence that tells RNA polymerase where to begin
transcrip on.
terminator
In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleo des in DNA that marks the end of a gene.
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instruc ons from DNA in the nucleus to the
ribosome
transcrip on
synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
* occurs in nucleus and happens when a cell needs to divide
* DNA helicase unwinds the molecule forming replica on forks
* RNAP binds near promotor and synthesizes a new RNA molecule
* RNAP reaches terminator and stops
transla on
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
* mRNA enters cytoplasm and associates with a ribosome
* ribosome starts synthesizing poly pep chain at start codon un l it reaches stop codon
* pep de is folded
ribosome
Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
rRNA
ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
, degenerate code
mul ple codons encode a single amino acid
ribosome binding site
In a bacterial mRNA molecule, the sequence just upstream of the start codon to which a
ribosome binds to ini ate transla on.
quorum sensing
The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other bacteria via secreted chemical signals.
two component regula on
bacteria detect changes in their environment via a sensor protein and then a response
regulator ini ates changes in expression typically relayed via phosphoryla on
monocistronic
The coding pa+ern of eukaryotes in which one mRNA molecule codes for only one protein.
polycistronic
The coding pa+ern of prokaryotes, in which one mRNA may code for mul ple proteins.
operon
regulated clusters of genes with related func ons, transcribed as a single RNA message
* Inducible: off but can be turned on by inducer
* repressible: on but can be turned off by repressor
* cons tu ve: always on
sigma factor
controls the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter
VGT
genes transferred between different genera ons, parent to offspring
HGT
genes transferred within the same genera ng via conjuga on, transduc on, and
transforma on
sRNA
small regulatory RNAs that are typically not translated into proteins
5' cap and poly-A tail
latest 2026 update
origin of replica on
Site where the replica on of a DNA molecule begins.
promotor
A region of DNA with a specific sequence that tells RNA polymerase where to begin
transcrip on.
terminator
In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleo des in DNA that marks the end of a gene.
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instruc ons from DNA in the nucleus to the
ribosome
transcrip on
synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
* occurs in nucleus and happens when a cell needs to divide
* DNA helicase unwinds the molecule forming replica on forks
* RNAP binds near promotor and synthesizes a new RNA molecule
* RNAP reaches terminator and stops
transla on
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
* mRNA enters cytoplasm and associates with a ribosome
* ribosome starts synthesizing poly pep chain at start codon un l it reaches stop codon
* pep de is folded
ribosome
Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
rRNA
ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
, degenerate code
mul ple codons encode a single amino acid
ribosome binding site
In a bacterial mRNA molecule, the sequence just upstream of the start codon to which a
ribosome binds to ini ate transla on.
quorum sensing
The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other bacteria via secreted chemical signals.
two component regula on
bacteria detect changes in their environment via a sensor protein and then a response
regulator ini ates changes in expression typically relayed via phosphoryla on
monocistronic
The coding pa+ern of eukaryotes in which one mRNA molecule codes for only one protein.
polycistronic
The coding pa+ern of prokaryotes, in which one mRNA may code for mul ple proteins.
operon
regulated clusters of genes with related func ons, transcribed as a single RNA message
* Inducible: off but can be turned on by inducer
* repressible: on but can be turned off by repressor
* cons tu ve: always on
sigma factor
controls the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter
VGT
genes transferred between different genera ons, parent to offspring
HGT
genes transferred within the same genera ng via conjuga on, transduc on, and
transforma on
sRNA
small regulatory RNAs that are typically not translated into proteins
5' cap and poly-A tail
