GEORGIA BIOLOGY EOC TESTS
EXAMS WITH QUALIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2026
Existing cells - ANSWER-Where do all cells come from?
Carrying Capacity - ANSWER-The maximum population of a particular organism that a given
environment can support without detrimental effects
Gamete - ANSWER-a mature sexual reproductive cell, as a sperm or egg, that unites with another cell to
form a new organism.
Zygote - ANSWER-the cell produced by the union of two gametes, before it undergoes cleavage.
Embryo - ANSWER-the young of a viviparous animal, especially of a mammal, in the early stages of
development within the womb, in humans up to the end of the second month
Punnett Square - ANSWER-a type of grid used to show the gametes of each parent and their possible
offspring; a type of grid that can indicate all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross
Phenotype - ANSWER-The expression of a specific trait based on genetic and environmental influences.
Genotype - ANSWER-the genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with reference to a
single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits.
Allele - ANSWER-any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible
for hereditary variation.
,Homozygous - ANSWER-having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics
Heterozygous - ANSWER-having dissimilar pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic
Dominant Trait - ANSWER-a trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it
Recessive Trait - ANSWER-a trait that mustt be contributed by both parents in order to appear in the
offspring
Nondisjunction - ANSWER-the failure of chromosomes to separate and segregate into daughter cells at
division
Mutation - ANSWER-a sudden change different than the parent type in one or more heritable
characteristics, caused by a change in a gene or a chromosome
Genetic Engineering - ANSWER-the development and application of scientific methods, procedures, and
technologies that permit direct manipulation of genetic material in order to alter the hereditary traits of
a cell, organism, or population
Recombinant DNA - ANSWER-DNA in which one or more segments or genes have been inserted, either
naturally or by laboratory manipulation, from a different molecule or from another part of the same
molecule, resulting in a new genetic combination
Transcription - ANSWER-The process by which mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template resulting in
the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to mRNA
Replication - ANSWER-the process by which exact copies of complex molecules, such as DNA molecules,
that occurs during growth of living organisms
, Traslation - ANSWER-The process by which mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes effect the production of a
protein molecule from amino acids, the specificity of synthesis being controlled by the base sequences
of the mRNA
Ecosystem - ANSWER-the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment
Producer - ANSWER-An autotrophic organism that serves as a source of food for other organisms in a
food chain. Producers include green plants, which produce food through photosynthesis, and certain
bacteria that are capable of converting inorganic substances into food through chemosynthesis
Anterior - ANSWER-The front surface of the body
Posterior - ANSWER-Near the tail end of the body
Chemoautotroph - ANSWER-an organism that depends on inorganic chemicals for its energy and
principally on carbon dioxide for its carbon
Dichotomous Key - ANSWER-used to identify a plant or animal in which each stage presents descriptions
of two distinguishing characters, with a direction to another stage in the key, until the species is
identified
Binomial Nomenclature - ANSWER-a system for naming plants and animals by means of two Latin
names: the first indicating the genus and the second the species to which the organism belongs
Autotroph - ANSWER-any organism capable of self-nourishment by using inorganic materials as a source
of nutrients and using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as a source of energy
Taxon - ANSWER-A taxonomic category or group, such as a phylum, order, family, genus, or species
EXAMS WITH QUALIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2026
Existing cells - ANSWER-Where do all cells come from?
Carrying Capacity - ANSWER-The maximum population of a particular organism that a given
environment can support without detrimental effects
Gamete - ANSWER-a mature sexual reproductive cell, as a sperm or egg, that unites with another cell to
form a new organism.
Zygote - ANSWER-the cell produced by the union of two gametes, before it undergoes cleavage.
Embryo - ANSWER-the young of a viviparous animal, especially of a mammal, in the early stages of
development within the womb, in humans up to the end of the second month
Punnett Square - ANSWER-a type of grid used to show the gametes of each parent and their possible
offspring; a type of grid that can indicate all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross
Phenotype - ANSWER-The expression of a specific trait based on genetic and environmental influences.
Genotype - ANSWER-the genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with reference to a
single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits.
Allele - ANSWER-any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible
for hereditary variation.
,Homozygous - ANSWER-having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics
Heterozygous - ANSWER-having dissimilar pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic
Dominant Trait - ANSWER-a trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it
Recessive Trait - ANSWER-a trait that mustt be contributed by both parents in order to appear in the
offspring
Nondisjunction - ANSWER-the failure of chromosomes to separate and segregate into daughter cells at
division
Mutation - ANSWER-a sudden change different than the parent type in one or more heritable
characteristics, caused by a change in a gene or a chromosome
Genetic Engineering - ANSWER-the development and application of scientific methods, procedures, and
technologies that permit direct manipulation of genetic material in order to alter the hereditary traits of
a cell, organism, or population
Recombinant DNA - ANSWER-DNA in which one or more segments or genes have been inserted, either
naturally or by laboratory manipulation, from a different molecule or from another part of the same
molecule, resulting in a new genetic combination
Transcription - ANSWER-The process by which mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template resulting in
the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to mRNA
Replication - ANSWER-the process by which exact copies of complex molecules, such as DNA molecules,
that occurs during growth of living organisms
, Traslation - ANSWER-The process by which mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes effect the production of a
protein molecule from amino acids, the specificity of synthesis being controlled by the base sequences
of the mRNA
Ecosystem - ANSWER-the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment
Producer - ANSWER-An autotrophic organism that serves as a source of food for other organisms in a
food chain. Producers include green plants, which produce food through photosynthesis, and certain
bacteria that are capable of converting inorganic substances into food through chemosynthesis
Anterior - ANSWER-The front surface of the body
Posterior - ANSWER-Near the tail end of the body
Chemoautotroph - ANSWER-an organism that depends on inorganic chemicals for its energy and
principally on carbon dioxide for its carbon
Dichotomous Key - ANSWER-used to identify a plant or animal in which each stage presents descriptions
of two distinguishing characters, with a direction to another stage in the key, until the species is
identified
Binomial Nomenclature - ANSWER-a system for naming plants and animals by means of two Latin
names: the first indicating the genus and the second the species to which the organism belongs
Autotroph - ANSWER-any organism capable of self-nourishment by using inorganic materials as a source
of nutrients and using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as a source of energy
Taxon - ANSWER-A taxonomic category or group, such as a phylum, order, family, genus, or species
