2026 NURS 617–ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMS 1 AND
2|390Qs&As||A+GRADE
EXAM 1
b. metabolic acidosis
Rationale: When oxygen is not available, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism,
which yields an acid called lactate, or lactic acid.
A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is:
a. increased ATP
b. metabolic acidosis
c. tissue ischemia
d. all of the above.
a. Calcium
Rationale: The accumulation of calcium causes irreversible mitochondrial
injury.
Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell
injury?
a. Calcium
b. Melanin
c. Lipids
,d. Water
d.protect cells from injury.
Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to:
a. speed up cellular death.
b. prevent cellular aging.
c. treat disease.
d. protect cells from injury.
a. Skeletal muscles
Rationale: Lack of nerve stimulation to skeletal muscles results in muscle
atrophy.
An individual with damage to the spinal cord may experience atrophy of which
of the following organs?
a. Skeletal muscles
b. Skin
c. Liver
d. Brain
c. dysplasia.
,Rationale: (Chronic infection or inflammation is a common cause of cervical
dysplasia.)
Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus results in cervical:
a. hormonal hyperplasia.
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
d. metaplasia.
c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
Rationale: Ethanol metabolism causes lipid accumulation in hepatocytes that
decreases liver function and may result in liver cirrhosis.
Ethanol (alcohol) causes cell injury by which of the following mechanisms?
a. Cellular dehydration
b. Intracellular sodium loss
c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
d. Hypoxic injury
c. tissue loss.
Rationale: In response to tissue loss, surrounding cells are stimulated to
replace the lost tissue.
In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors stimulate cell division in
response to:
, a. decreased hormonal stimulation.
b. ischemia.
c. tissue loss.
d. puberty.
b. hypertrophy.
Rationale: In response to the increased workload of hypertension, myocardial
cells will hypertrophy in order to pump harder.
In response to an increased workload, such as that caused by high blood
pressure (hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt
through the process of:
a. hyperplasia.
b. hypertrophy.
c. atrophy.
d. dysplasia.
b. a decrease in protein synthesis.
Rationale: Ribosomes are the primary site for protein synthesis. Hypoxic injury
and cellular swelling result in dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
causing the ribosomes to detach. Loss of the site for protein synthesis results
in decreased protein production.
Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum due to hypoxic injury results in:
a. sodium accumulation.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMS 1 AND
2|390Qs&As||A+GRADE
EXAM 1
b. metabolic acidosis
Rationale: When oxygen is not available, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism,
which yields an acid called lactate, or lactic acid.
A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is:
a. increased ATP
b. metabolic acidosis
c. tissue ischemia
d. all of the above.
a. Calcium
Rationale: The accumulation of calcium causes irreversible mitochondrial
injury.
Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell
injury?
a. Calcium
b. Melanin
c. Lipids
,d. Water
d.protect cells from injury.
Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to:
a. speed up cellular death.
b. prevent cellular aging.
c. treat disease.
d. protect cells from injury.
a. Skeletal muscles
Rationale: Lack of nerve stimulation to skeletal muscles results in muscle
atrophy.
An individual with damage to the spinal cord may experience atrophy of which
of the following organs?
a. Skeletal muscles
b. Skin
c. Liver
d. Brain
c. dysplasia.
,Rationale: (Chronic infection or inflammation is a common cause of cervical
dysplasia.)
Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus results in cervical:
a. hormonal hyperplasia.
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
d. metaplasia.
c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
Rationale: Ethanol metabolism causes lipid accumulation in hepatocytes that
decreases liver function and may result in liver cirrhosis.
Ethanol (alcohol) causes cell injury by which of the following mechanisms?
a. Cellular dehydration
b. Intracellular sodium loss
c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
d. Hypoxic injury
c. tissue loss.
Rationale: In response to tissue loss, surrounding cells are stimulated to
replace the lost tissue.
In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors stimulate cell division in
response to:
, a. decreased hormonal stimulation.
b. ischemia.
c. tissue loss.
d. puberty.
b. hypertrophy.
Rationale: In response to the increased workload of hypertension, myocardial
cells will hypertrophy in order to pump harder.
In response to an increased workload, such as that caused by high blood
pressure (hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt
through the process of:
a. hyperplasia.
b. hypertrophy.
c. atrophy.
d. dysplasia.
b. a decrease in protein synthesis.
Rationale: Ribosomes are the primary site for protein synthesis. Hypoxic injury
and cellular swelling result in dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
causing the ribosomes to detach. Loss of the site for protein synthesis results
in decreased protein production.
Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum due to hypoxic injury results in:
a. sodium accumulation.
