BIO 150 UPDATED EXAMS TEST PAPER
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Define intrinsic resistance - ✔✔resistance naturally coded and expressed by a
bacterial species to a particular antibiotic
✔✔Define acquired resistance - ✔✔genetic change that leads to bacteria becoming
resistant to an antibiotic
✔✔How did Plato address evolution? - ✔✔evolved as distinct different groups
✔✔How did Aristotle address evolution? - ✔✔scale (simple -> high)
✔✔How did Lamarck address evolution? - ✔✔organisms change in response over time
✔✔How did Darwin and Wallace address evolution? - ✔✔change through time from a
common ancestor
✔✔What did Darwin observe? - ✔✔different species are often similar, with slight
variations in theme
✔✔Define evolution - ✔✔change in the genetic composition of a population from one
generation to the next
,✔✔Define pattern - ✔✔observed evolutionary change
✔✔Define process - ✔✔mechanisms that produce observed patterns of change
✔✔Define natural selection - ✔✔process in which organisms with certain inherited traits
are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without the trait
✔✔Define adapatation - ✔✔inherited trait that enhances the fitness of an individual in a
given environment
✔✔Define biological fitness - ✔✔the relative survival and reproduction of one variant
compared to others in the same population
✔✔Where does the variation that natural selection acts on come from? - ✔✔-sexual
reproduction/gene transfer
-random mutation in DNA that provides raw genetic material
✔✔Define vertical gene transfer - ✔✔occurs during reproduction between generations
of cells
✔✔Define horizontal gene transfer - ✔✔process in which an organism incorporates
genetic materials from another without it being its offspring
✔✔Define plasmids - ✔✔about 20 special genes (found for antibiotics)
✔✔Define varation - ✔✔individuals in a population vary in their traits
✔✔Define inheritance - ✔✔some of the trait differences are inherited from the parents to
offspring
✔✔Define overproduction - ✔✔organisms produce more offspring than the environment
can support
✔✔Define differential reproduction - ✔✔individuals that are well suited to their
environment tend to survive and leave more offspring than other
✔✔Define survival and reproduction - ✔✔it is not random; overtime, favorable traits
accumulated
✔✔Define Hardy Weinberg Principle - ✔✔the allele and genotypic frequencies in a
population with remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of
evolutionary influences
, ✔✔Define of null hypothesis - ✔✔statement of no change
✔✔What are the assumptions of HW-Equilibrium? - ✔✔1. There can be no difference in
the survival and reproduction of individuals
2. Populations may not be added to or subtracted from by migration
3. There can be no mutation
4. The population must be sufficiently large to prevent sampling errors
5. Individuals mate at random
✔✔How do you calculate allelic frequencies? - ✔✔p+q=1
✔✔How do you calculate genotypic frequencies? - ✔✔P^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
✔✔p = what? - ✔✔dominate
✔✔q = what? - ✔✔recessive
✔✔Define microevolution - ✔✔small changes in the gene pool of a population over
successive generations
✔✔Define gene pool - ✔✔all the genes in a population at a given time
✔✔What are the three types of evolutionary mechanisms? - ✔✔-selection
-genetic drift
-gene flow
✔✔Define artificial selection - ✔✔form of directional selection where given traits are
selected for by humans
✔✔Define sexual selection - ✔✔promotion of traits that increase individual's access to
reproductive opportunities
✔✔Define intersexual selection - ✔✔male evolves traits to attract females
✔✔Define intrasexual selection - ✔✔competition within genders
✔✔Define genetic drift - ✔✔change in the populations' allelic frequency due to a
random event
✔✔What size group does genetic drift have a larger effect on? - ✔✔smaller populations
✔✔Define bottleneck effect - ✔✔reduction in population size due to a disturbance
✔✔Define founder effect - ✔✔individuals from a large population colonize new areas
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Define intrinsic resistance - ✔✔resistance naturally coded and expressed by a
bacterial species to a particular antibiotic
✔✔Define acquired resistance - ✔✔genetic change that leads to bacteria becoming
resistant to an antibiotic
✔✔How did Plato address evolution? - ✔✔evolved as distinct different groups
✔✔How did Aristotle address evolution? - ✔✔scale (simple -> high)
✔✔How did Lamarck address evolution? - ✔✔organisms change in response over time
✔✔How did Darwin and Wallace address evolution? - ✔✔change through time from a
common ancestor
✔✔What did Darwin observe? - ✔✔different species are often similar, with slight
variations in theme
✔✔Define evolution - ✔✔change in the genetic composition of a population from one
generation to the next
,✔✔Define pattern - ✔✔observed evolutionary change
✔✔Define process - ✔✔mechanisms that produce observed patterns of change
✔✔Define natural selection - ✔✔process in which organisms with certain inherited traits
are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without the trait
✔✔Define adapatation - ✔✔inherited trait that enhances the fitness of an individual in a
given environment
✔✔Define biological fitness - ✔✔the relative survival and reproduction of one variant
compared to others in the same population
✔✔Where does the variation that natural selection acts on come from? - ✔✔-sexual
reproduction/gene transfer
-random mutation in DNA that provides raw genetic material
✔✔Define vertical gene transfer - ✔✔occurs during reproduction between generations
of cells
✔✔Define horizontal gene transfer - ✔✔process in which an organism incorporates
genetic materials from another without it being its offspring
✔✔Define plasmids - ✔✔about 20 special genes (found for antibiotics)
✔✔Define varation - ✔✔individuals in a population vary in their traits
✔✔Define inheritance - ✔✔some of the trait differences are inherited from the parents to
offspring
✔✔Define overproduction - ✔✔organisms produce more offspring than the environment
can support
✔✔Define differential reproduction - ✔✔individuals that are well suited to their
environment tend to survive and leave more offspring than other
✔✔Define survival and reproduction - ✔✔it is not random; overtime, favorable traits
accumulated
✔✔Define Hardy Weinberg Principle - ✔✔the allele and genotypic frequencies in a
population with remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of
evolutionary influences
, ✔✔Define of null hypothesis - ✔✔statement of no change
✔✔What are the assumptions of HW-Equilibrium? - ✔✔1. There can be no difference in
the survival and reproduction of individuals
2. Populations may not be added to or subtracted from by migration
3. There can be no mutation
4. The population must be sufficiently large to prevent sampling errors
5. Individuals mate at random
✔✔How do you calculate allelic frequencies? - ✔✔p+q=1
✔✔How do you calculate genotypic frequencies? - ✔✔P^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
✔✔p = what? - ✔✔dominate
✔✔q = what? - ✔✔recessive
✔✔Define microevolution - ✔✔small changes in the gene pool of a population over
successive generations
✔✔Define gene pool - ✔✔all the genes in a population at a given time
✔✔What are the three types of evolutionary mechanisms? - ✔✔-selection
-genetic drift
-gene flow
✔✔Define artificial selection - ✔✔form of directional selection where given traits are
selected for by humans
✔✔Define sexual selection - ✔✔promotion of traits that increase individual's access to
reproductive opportunities
✔✔Define intersexual selection - ✔✔male evolves traits to attract females
✔✔Define intrasexual selection - ✔✔competition within genders
✔✔Define genetic drift - ✔✔change in the populations' allelic frequency due to a
random event
✔✔What size group does genetic drift have a larger effect on? - ✔✔smaller populations
✔✔Define bottleneck effect - ✔✔reduction in population size due to a disturbance
✔✔Define founder effect - ✔✔individuals from a large population colonize new areas
