NR 507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
1. Dermatomes: area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single
spinal sensory n spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their
branches reach to the periphe erve root.
These
ry of the
2. Substance release at the synapse: Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory-
alzheimers Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
3. Spondylolysis: structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental defect) in the pars
interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures). The
lumbar spine at L5 is attected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
4. motor and sensory areas of the brain: Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory
input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the
precentral gyrus.
,Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary voluntary
motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
5. Ischemic penumbra: ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
6. Cerebral infarction: ischemic- white infarct (attected area is pale and soft 6-12 hours
after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd week. glial
scarring.
7. excitotoxins: Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release and cause neuron
suicide.
8. Agnosia: the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
, 9. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
10. Meningitis: Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
11. Prostate cancer prevention: -Eat a low fat diet
-Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
12. BPH and the urinary system: - Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal insuflciency
13. Cause of respiratory Alkalosis: - fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
ANSWERS
1. Dermatomes: area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single
spinal sensory n spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their
branches reach to the periphe erve root.
These
ry of the
2. Substance release at the synapse: Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory-
alzheimers Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
3. Spondylolysis: structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental defect) in the pars
interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures). The
lumbar spine at L5 is attected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
4. motor and sensory areas of the brain: Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory
input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the
precentral gyrus.
,Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary voluntary
motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
5. Ischemic penumbra: ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
6. Cerebral infarction: ischemic- white infarct (attected area is pale and soft 6-12 hours
after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd week. glial
scarring.
7. excitotoxins: Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release and cause neuron
suicide.
8. Agnosia: the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
, 9. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
10. Meningitis: Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
11. Prostate cancer prevention: -Eat a low fat diet
-Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
12. BPH and the urinary system: - Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal insuflciency
13. Cause of respiratory Alkalosis: - fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
