DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS I 2026
ALGORITHM DESIGN PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
◉ Server Software Answer: Works with hardware to provide
network service.
◉ Local Application Answer: Software stored on an individual
computer.
◉ Intranet Answer: A LAN that uses IP. Used to communicate within
organization.
◉ Cloud Computing Answer: Allows organization to access
resources/app anywhere, anytime. Beneficial because an org. may
access resources it may not normally have.
◉ Operating Systems Answer: Allows a user to easily access
hardware/software, required to maintain computer environment.
◉ Kernel Answer: Core component of OS.
Loads when computer first boots
Sits on top of hardware, is interface b/w hardware and software.
,◉ Device Drivers Answer: Interface b/w OS and hardware.
◉ Shell Answer: Interface for user, often personalized. The shell
provides access to the kernel.
I.E. The GUI will translate mouse motions into calls to
kernel/routines. Desktop elements include shortcuts, windows
theme, menus, background.
◉ Services (Daemons) Answer: OS programs that start when OS is
loaded. They run in the background and wait for an event to initiate.
◉ Utility Programs Answer: Allow user to monitor system
performance.
◉ Web Server Answer: Role is to respond to HTTP requests.
*Most HTTP requests are for HTML docs, but could include any web
accessible resource.
It's all combined into the URL.
**APACHE is most popular web server-can execute scripts for
dynamic pages, use security mechanisms, log request for trend
tracking.
◉ Proxy Server Answer: Acts as a giant cache and allows pages
accessed frequently in an organization to be accessed locally.
,*Also provides degree of anonymity, since IP address recorded is for
proxy server and not individual client.
*Can also be used to block requests to certain servers (i.e Facebook)
*Can reject responses that contain certain content (i.e "porn")
**SQUID is most common, but APACHE can also be used as proxy
server.
◉ Database Server Answer: Permits dB access across a network.
Performs tasks such as data analysis, data manipulation,
security,and archiving.
May/may not store database itself.
**MySQL is popular.
◉ FTP Server Answer: Hosts files and allows clients access to files.
Access is in form of uploading/downloading files.
Requires either user has an account or logs in as anonymous user.
◉ File Server Answer: Computer with large hard disk storing files,
but can also store software to be run over network.
◉ Email Server Answer: Provides email service.
Accepts email request from clients.
IMAP,POPS,HTTP,MAPI,MIME
, ◉ String Data Answer: Alphanumeric or text
Ex: James (Last name)
623 Hill Street
◉ Number Integer Answer: Numeric data, whole numbers.
Ex: 4
◉ Floating Point Answer: Decimal.
Ex: 4.2
◉ Date/Time Answer: Type of Data
◉ Boolean/Logical Answer: Type of Data.
Ex: True/False (in reply to active subscriber?)
Only two possible answers: yes/no or true/false
◉ Flat File Database Answer: One large single table without
relations between tables.
*Most common is CSV file (files separated by comma)
*Flat file is used if amount of data is fairly small.
Ex: Spreadsheet
ALGORITHM DESIGN PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
◉ Server Software Answer: Works with hardware to provide
network service.
◉ Local Application Answer: Software stored on an individual
computer.
◉ Intranet Answer: A LAN that uses IP. Used to communicate within
organization.
◉ Cloud Computing Answer: Allows organization to access
resources/app anywhere, anytime. Beneficial because an org. may
access resources it may not normally have.
◉ Operating Systems Answer: Allows a user to easily access
hardware/software, required to maintain computer environment.
◉ Kernel Answer: Core component of OS.
Loads when computer first boots
Sits on top of hardware, is interface b/w hardware and software.
,◉ Device Drivers Answer: Interface b/w OS and hardware.
◉ Shell Answer: Interface for user, often personalized. The shell
provides access to the kernel.
I.E. The GUI will translate mouse motions into calls to
kernel/routines. Desktop elements include shortcuts, windows
theme, menus, background.
◉ Services (Daemons) Answer: OS programs that start when OS is
loaded. They run in the background and wait for an event to initiate.
◉ Utility Programs Answer: Allow user to monitor system
performance.
◉ Web Server Answer: Role is to respond to HTTP requests.
*Most HTTP requests are for HTML docs, but could include any web
accessible resource.
It's all combined into the URL.
**APACHE is most popular web server-can execute scripts for
dynamic pages, use security mechanisms, log request for trend
tracking.
◉ Proxy Server Answer: Acts as a giant cache and allows pages
accessed frequently in an organization to be accessed locally.
,*Also provides degree of anonymity, since IP address recorded is for
proxy server and not individual client.
*Can also be used to block requests to certain servers (i.e Facebook)
*Can reject responses that contain certain content (i.e "porn")
**SQUID is most common, but APACHE can also be used as proxy
server.
◉ Database Server Answer: Permits dB access across a network.
Performs tasks such as data analysis, data manipulation,
security,and archiving.
May/may not store database itself.
**MySQL is popular.
◉ FTP Server Answer: Hosts files and allows clients access to files.
Access is in form of uploading/downloading files.
Requires either user has an account or logs in as anonymous user.
◉ File Server Answer: Computer with large hard disk storing files,
but can also store software to be run over network.
◉ Email Server Answer: Provides email service.
Accepts email request from clients.
IMAP,POPS,HTTP,MAPI,MIME
, ◉ String Data Answer: Alphanumeric or text
Ex: James (Last name)
623 Hill Street
◉ Number Integer Answer: Numeric data, whole numbers.
Ex: 4
◉ Floating Point Answer: Decimal.
Ex: 4.2
◉ Date/Time Answer: Type of Data
◉ Boolean/Logical Answer: Type of Data.
Ex: True/False (in reply to active subscriber?)
Only two possible answers: yes/no or true/false
◉ Flat File Database Answer: One large single table without
relations between tables.
*Most common is CSV file (files separated by comma)
*Flat file is used if amount of data is fairly small.
Ex: Spreadsheet
