KNES 213 UPDATED STUDY EXAM GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Internal validity - ✔✔Can a study establish a cause and effect relationship between
variables
✔✔External validity - ✔✔The generalizability of findings of a study
✔✔Epistemology - ✔✔Study of knowledge and justified belief
✔✔Ontology - ✔✔Study of being and the nature of reality
✔✔Positivism - ✔✔Objective, measurable observations
Quantitative methods and testing
✔✔Interpretivism - ✔✔Understanding subjective experiences
✔✔Constructivism - ✔✔Knowledge constructed by people
How personal experiences shape the understanding of knowledge
✔✔Pragmatism - ✔✔Prioritize practical implications
, Address specific challenges or problems
✔✔Two-eyed seeing - ✔✔Integrate indigenous and western knowledge systems
✔✔Appeal to authority - ✔✔A claim is accepted based on the authority of the person
making the claim
✔✔Deductive reasoning - ✔✔Specific conclusions based on general principles
ex. A=B and B=C so A=C
✔✔Inductive reasoning - ✔✔General conclusions based on specific observations or
experiences
"Since this is what i've seen/how it has been, this is how it is/will be"
✔✔Abductive reasoning - ✔✔Conclusions based on limited or incomplete evidence
ex. The grass is wet, so it must have rained
✔✔Ad Hominen Fallacy - ✔✔Attacking a person instead of the argument
✔✔Straw man fallacy - ✔✔Oversimplifying an argument to make it easier to attack
✔✔Slippery slope fallacy - ✔✔Arguing correlation = causation
✔✔False dichotomy - ✔✔Presenting only two options when more exist
✔✔Bandwagon fallacy - ✔✔Believing something because many others do
✔✔Bottom-up processing - ✔✔Analyzing basic features before making a full picture
✔✔Top-down processing - ✔✔Using prior knowledge to interpret information
✔✔Confirmation bias - ✔✔Favoring information that confirms pre-existing beliefs
✔✔Motivated bias - ✔✔Processing information in a way that reinforces desired beliefs
✔✔The replication crisis - ✔✔The challenge of replicating published research
✔✔ Observational Study - ✔✔Observe and measure without manipulation
✔✔longitudinal study - ✔✔Observe the same individuals over a long time
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Internal validity - ✔✔Can a study establish a cause and effect relationship between
variables
✔✔External validity - ✔✔The generalizability of findings of a study
✔✔Epistemology - ✔✔Study of knowledge and justified belief
✔✔Ontology - ✔✔Study of being and the nature of reality
✔✔Positivism - ✔✔Objective, measurable observations
Quantitative methods and testing
✔✔Interpretivism - ✔✔Understanding subjective experiences
✔✔Constructivism - ✔✔Knowledge constructed by people
How personal experiences shape the understanding of knowledge
✔✔Pragmatism - ✔✔Prioritize practical implications
, Address specific challenges or problems
✔✔Two-eyed seeing - ✔✔Integrate indigenous and western knowledge systems
✔✔Appeal to authority - ✔✔A claim is accepted based on the authority of the person
making the claim
✔✔Deductive reasoning - ✔✔Specific conclusions based on general principles
ex. A=B and B=C so A=C
✔✔Inductive reasoning - ✔✔General conclusions based on specific observations or
experiences
"Since this is what i've seen/how it has been, this is how it is/will be"
✔✔Abductive reasoning - ✔✔Conclusions based on limited or incomplete evidence
ex. The grass is wet, so it must have rained
✔✔Ad Hominen Fallacy - ✔✔Attacking a person instead of the argument
✔✔Straw man fallacy - ✔✔Oversimplifying an argument to make it easier to attack
✔✔Slippery slope fallacy - ✔✔Arguing correlation = causation
✔✔False dichotomy - ✔✔Presenting only two options when more exist
✔✔Bandwagon fallacy - ✔✔Believing something because many others do
✔✔Bottom-up processing - ✔✔Analyzing basic features before making a full picture
✔✔Top-down processing - ✔✔Using prior knowledge to interpret information
✔✔Confirmation bias - ✔✔Favoring information that confirms pre-existing beliefs
✔✔Motivated bias - ✔✔Processing information in a way that reinforces desired beliefs
✔✔The replication crisis - ✔✔The challenge of replicating published research
✔✔ Observational Study - ✔✔Observe and measure without manipulation
✔✔longitudinal study - ✔✔Observe the same individuals over a long time
