AQA PSYCHOLOGY A LEVEL ISSUES
AND DEBATES QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
UniversalityA2-A2Ans--
AnyA2underlyingA2characteristicA2ofA2humanA2beingsA2thatA2isA2capableA2ofA2beingA2applie
dA2toA2all
EkmanA2(1989)A2-A2Ans--
ArguedA2thatA2facialA2expressionsA2areA2anA2exampleA2ofA2universality
GenderA2BiasA2-A2Ans--
WhenA2oneA2genderA2isA2treatedA2inA2aA2differentA2wayA2fromA2another
AndrocentrismA2-A2Ans--
WhenA2'normal'A2behaviourA2isA2judgedA2accordingA2toA2aA2maleA2standardA2andA2soA2any
thingA2whichA2deviatesA2fromA2thisA2isA2seenA2asA2'abnormal'
PMSA2isA2oftenA2thoughtA2asA2aA2stereotypeA2whenA2inA2factA2isA2aA2diagnosableA2disorde
rA2underA2theA2DSM-5
AlphaA2BiasA2-A2Ans--
PsychologicalA2theoryA2whichA2suggestA2aA2differenceA2betweenA2malesA2andA2femalesA2
e.g.A2Wilson'sA2principleA2ofA2survivalA2efficacy
BetaA2BiasA2-A2Ans--
TheoriesA2thatA2ignoreA2orA2minimiseA2theA2differencesA2betweenA2malesA2andA2femalesA2
e.g.A2Freud
GenderA2BiasA2-A2Ans--Evaluation:A2ImplicationsA2ofA2bias-
A2misleadingA2assumptionsA2ofA2femaleA2behaviour//A2SexismA2withinA2research-
A2moreA2likelyA2toA2beA2publishedA2ifA2highlightingA2differencesA2betweenA2malesA2andA2fe
males//A2Reflexivity-A2psychologistsA2nowA2considerA2thisA2whenA2conductingA2research
CulturalA2BiasA2-A2Ans--
TheA2tendencyA2toA2ignoreA2theA2culturalA2differencesA2andA2interpretA2informationA2throu
ghA2theA2'lens'A2ofA2ourA2ownA2cultureA2ie.A2inA21992,A264%A2ofA2theA2worldsA2psychologyA2
researchersA2wereA2American
EthnocentrismA2-A2Ans--
JudgingA2otherA2culturesA2byA2theA2standardsA2andA2valuesA2ofA2one'sA2ownA2culturesA2an
dA2inA2extremeA2casesA2theA2superiorityA2ofA2oneA2e.g.A2Ainsworth'sA2strangeA2situation
, CulturalA2RelativismA2-A2Ans--
TheA2ideaA2thatA2norms,A2valuesA2andA2moralsA2canA2onlyA2beA2understoodA2withinA2aA2sp
ecificA2socialA2andA2culturalA2context
BerryA2(1969)A2-A2Ans--DistinguishedA2betweenA2eticA2andA2emic
EticA2-A2Ans--
LooksA2atA2behaviourA2outsideA2ofA2aA2cultureA2andA2attemptsA2toA2describeA2thoseA2beha
vioursA2asA2universal
EmicA2-A2Ans--
LooksA2atA2behavioursA2withinA2aA2certainA2cultureA2anA2describesA2behaviourA2withinA2th
atA2culture
CulturalA2BiasA2-A2Ans--Evaluation:A2IndividualismA2andA2collectivism//
A2RelativismA2vsA2universality//A2UnfamiliarityA2withA2researchA2tradition
FreeA2WillA2-A2Ans--
TheA2notionA2thatA2humanA2beingA2canA2makeA2choicesA2thatA2areA2notA2determinedA2byA2
biologicalA2orA2externalA2forces
DeterminismA2-A2Ans--
TheA2ideaA2thatA2behaviourA2isA2controlledA2byA2internalA2forcesA2e.g.A2geneticsA2orA2exter
nalA2forcesA2e.g.A2conditioning
HardA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
ImpliesA2freeA2willA2isA2notA2possibleA2asA2ourA2behaviourA2isA2alwaysA2causedA2byA2event
sA2beyondA2ourA2control,A2sometimesA2calledA2fatalism
SoftA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
FirstA2putA2forwardA2byA2JamesA2(1890):A2AllA2eventsA2haveA2causesA2butA2weA2canA2also
A2controlA2ourA2consciousA2choicesA2inA2theA2absenceA2ofA2coercion
BiologicalA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
TheA2beliefA2thatA2behaviourA2isA2causedA2byA2biologicalA2influencesA2weA2cannotA2control
EnvironmentalA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
TheA2ideaA2thatA2behaviourA2isA2causedA2byA2featuresA2ofA2ourA2environment
PsychicA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
TheA2ideaA2thatA2behaviourA2isA2causedA2byA2internalA2conflictsA2weA2cannotA2control
EvaluationA2ofA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
Advantages:A2compatibleA2withA2aimsA2ofA2scienceA2withA2theA2ideasA2ofA2generalA2laws
ApplicationsA2inA2theA2developmentA2ofA2therapiesA2andA2medicationA2e.g.A2antipsychotic
sA2forA2schizophrenia
AND DEBATES QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
UniversalityA2-A2Ans--
AnyA2underlyingA2characteristicA2ofA2humanA2beingsA2thatA2isA2capableA2ofA2beingA2applie
dA2toA2all
EkmanA2(1989)A2-A2Ans--
ArguedA2thatA2facialA2expressionsA2areA2anA2exampleA2ofA2universality
GenderA2BiasA2-A2Ans--
WhenA2oneA2genderA2isA2treatedA2inA2aA2differentA2wayA2fromA2another
AndrocentrismA2-A2Ans--
WhenA2'normal'A2behaviourA2isA2judgedA2accordingA2toA2aA2maleA2standardA2andA2soA2any
thingA2whichA2deviatesA2fromA2thisA2isA2seenA2asA2'abnormal'
PMSA2isA2oftenA2thoughtA2asA2aA2stereotypeA2whenA2inA2factA2isA2aA2diagnosableA2disorde
rA2underA2theA2DSM-5
AlphaA2BiasA2-A2Ans--
PsychologicalA2theoryA2whichA2suggestA2aA2differenceA2betweenA2malesA2andA2femalesA2
e.g.A2Wilson'sA2principleA2ofA2survivalA2efficacy
BetaA2BiasA2-A2Ans--
TheoriesA2thatA2ignoreA2orA2minimiseA2theA2differencesA2betweenA2malesA2andA2femalesA2
e.g.A2Freud
GenderA2BiasA2-A2Ans--Evaluation:A2ImplicationsA2ofA2bias-
A2misleadingA2assumptionsA2ofA2femaleA2behaviour//A2SexismA2withinA2research-
A2moreA2likelyA2toA2beA2publishedA2ifA2highlightingA2differencesA2betweenA2malesA2andA2fe
males//A2Reflexivity-A2psychologistsA2nowA2considerA2thisA2whenA2conductingA2research
CulturalA2BiasA2-A2Ans--
TheA2tendencyA2toA2ignoreA2theA2culturalA2differencesA2andA2interpretA2informationA2throu
ghA2theA2'lens'A2ofA2ourA2ownA2cultureA2ie.A2inA21992,A264%A2ofA2theA2worldsA2psychologyA2
researchersA2wereA2American
EthnocentrismA2-A2Ans--
JudgingA2otherA2culturesA2byA2theA2standardsA2andA2valuesA2ofA2one'sA2ownA2culturesA2an
dA2inA2extremeA2casesA2theA2superiorityA2ofA2oneA2e.g.A2Ainsworth'sA2strangeA2situation
, CulturalA2RelativismA2-A2Ans--
TheA2ideaA2thatA2norms,A2valuesA2andA2moralsA2canA2onlyA2beA2understoodA2withinA2aA2sp
ecificA2socialA2andA2culturalA2context
BerryA2(1969)A2-A2Ans--DistinguishedA2betweenA2eticA2andA2emic
EticA2-A2Ans--
LooksA2atA2behaviourA2outsideA2ofA2aA2cultureA2andA2attemptsA2toA2describeA2thoseA2beha
vioursA2asA2universal
EmicA2-A2Ans--
LooksA2atA2behavioursA2withinA2aA2certainA2cultureA2anA2describesA2behaviourA2withinA2th
atA2culture
CulturalA2BiasA2-A2Ans--Evaluation:A2IndividualismA2andA2collectivism//
A2RelativismA2vsA2universality//A2UnfamiliarityA2withA2researchA2tradition
FreeA2WillA2-A2Ans--
TheA2notionA2thatA2humanA2beingA2canA2makeA2choicesA2thatA2areA2notA2determinedA2byA2
biologicalA2orA2externalA2forces
DeterminismA2-A2Ans--
TheA2ideaA2thatA2behaviourA2isA2controlledA2byA2internalA2forcesA2e.g.A2geneticsA2orA2exter
nalA2forcesA2e.g.A2conditioning
HardA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
ImpliesA2freeA2willA2isA2notA2possibleA2asA2ourA2behaviourA2isA2alwaysA2causedA2byA2event
sA2beyondA2ourA2control,A2sometimesA2calledA2fatalism
SoftA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
FirstA2putA2forwardA2byA2JamesA2(1890):A2AllA2eventsA2haveA2causesA2butA2weA2canA2also
A2controlA2ourA2consciousA2choicesA2inA2theA2absenceA2ofA2coercion
BiologicalA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
TheA2beliefA2thatA2behaviourA2isA2causedA2byA2biologicalA2influencesA2weA2cannotA2control
EnvironmentalA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
TheA2ideaA2thatA2behaviourA2isA2causedA2byA2featuresA2ofA2ourA2environment
PsychicA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
TheA2ideaA2thatA2behaviourA2isA2causedA2byA2internalA2conflictsA2weA2cannotA2control
EvaluationA2ofA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
Advantages:A2compatibleA2withA2aimsA2ofA2scienceA2withA2theA2ideasA2ofA2generalA2laws
ApplicationsA2inA2theA2developmentA2ofA2therapiesA2andA2medicationA2e.g.A2antipsychotic
sA2forA2schizophrenia