RNSG 1301 UPDATED FINAL EXAM ALL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Pregnancy category A - ✔✔Adequate studies in pregnant women have not
demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy, and there is no
evidence of risk in later trimesters.
✔✔Pregnancy category B - ✔✔Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus
but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
✔✔Pregnancy category C - ✔✔Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the
fetus but there are no adequate studies in humans; the benefits from the use of the drug
in pregnant women may be acceptable despite its potential risks, or there are no animal
reproduction studies and no adequate studies in humans.
✔✔Pregnancy category D - ✔✔There is evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential
benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women may be acceptable despite its
potential risks.
✔✔Pregnancy category X - ✔✔Studies in animals or humans demonstrate fetal
abnormalities or adverse reaction; reports indicate evidence of fetal risk. The risk of use
in a pregnant woman clearly outweighs any possible benefit.
, ✔✔Pharmacotherapeutics - ✔✔clinical pharmacology—the branch of pharmacology that
deals with drugs; chemicals that are used in medicine for the treatment, prevention, and
diagnosis of disease in humans
✔✔Pharmacodynamics - ✔✔The process by which a medication works on the body.
The study of the interactions between the chemical components of living systems and
the foreign chemicals, including drugs, that enter living organisms; the way a drug
affects a body.
✔✔Pharmacokinetics - ✔✔the way the body deals with a drug, including absorption,
distribution, biotransformation (metabolism), and excretion
✔✔Factors affecting drug effects - ✔✔- Weight
- Age
- Gender
- Physiological factors (diurnal rhythm, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance,
hydration)
- Pathological factors (disease, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, gastrointestinal
dysfunction, vascular disorders, low blood pressure)
- Genetic factors
- Immunological factors (allergy)
- Psychological factors (placebo effect, health beliefs, compliance)
- Environmental factors (temp, light, noise)
- Drug tolerance
- Cumulation effects
- Interactions
✔✔Federal guidelines for drug advertisement - ✔✔If a drug advertisement states what
the drug is used for, it must also state contraindications, adverse effects, and
precautions.
✔✔First-pass effect - ✔✔a phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly
to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes
before they can enter the general circulation; oral drugs frequently are given in higher
doses than drugs given by other routes because of this early breakdown
✔✔Tolerance - ✔✔A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug.
Tolerance may arise b/c of increased bio-transformation of the drug, increased
resistance to its effects, or other pharmacokinetic factors.
✔✔OTC meds - ✔✔Drugs that are available without a prescription for self-treatment of a
variety of complaints; deemed to be safe when used as directed
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Pregnancy category A - ✔✔Adequate studies in pregnant women have not
demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy, and there is no
evidence of risk in later trimesters.
✔✔Pregnancy category B - ✔✔Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus
but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
✔✔Pregnancy category C - ✔✔Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the
fetus but there are no adequate studies in humans; the benefits from the use of the drug
in pregnant women may be acceptable despite its potential risks, or there are no animal
reproduction studies and no adequate studies in humans.
✔✔Pregnancy category D - ✔✔There is evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential
benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women may be acceptable despite its
potential risks.
✔✔Pregnancy category X - ✔✔Studies in animals or humans demonstrate fetal
abnormalities or adverse reaction; reports indicate evidence of fetal risk. The risk of use
in a pregnant woman clearly outweighs any possible benefit.
, ✔✔Pharmacotherapeutics - ✔✔clinical pharmacology—the branch of pharmacology that
deals with drugs; chemicals that are used in medicine for the treatment, prevention, and
diagnosis of disease in humans
✔✔Pharmacodynamics - ✔✔The process by which a medication works on the body.
The study of the interactions between the chemical components of living systems and
the foreign chemicals, including drugs, that enter living organisms; the way a drug
affects a body.
✔✔Pharmacokinetics - ✔✔the way the body deals with a drug, including absorption,
distribution, biotransformation (metabolism), and excretion
✔✔Factors affecting drug effects - ✔✔- Weight
- Age
- Gender
- Physiological factors (diurnal rhythm, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance,
hydration)
- Pathological factors (disease, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, gastrointestinal
dysfunction, vascular disorders, low blood pressure)
- Genetic factors
- Immunological factors (allergy)
- Psychological factors (placebo effect, health beliefs, compliance)
- Environmental factors (temp, light, noise)
- Drug tolerance
- Cumulation effects
- Interactions
✔✔Federal guidelines for drug advertisement - ✔✔If a drug advertisement states what
the drug is used for, it must also state contraindications, adverse effects, and
precautions.
✔✔First-pass effect - ✔✔a phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly
to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes
before they can enter the general circulation; oral drugs frequently are given in higher
doses than drugs given by other routes because of this early breakdown
✔✔Tolerance - ✔✔A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug.
Tolerance may arise b/c of increased bio-transformation of the drug, increased
resistance to its effects, or other pharmacokinetic factors.
✔✔OTC meds - ✔✔Drugs that are available without a prescription for self-treatment of a
variety of complaints; deemed to be safe when used as directed
