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Summary IoT Access Technologies – ZigBee, LoRaWAN, Wi-Fi HaLow, NB-IoT and LTE-M

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2025/2026 Written for academic year
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This presentation provides a comprehensive study of the major access technologies used in Internet of Things deployments. It examines IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.15.4g/e, IEEE 1901.2a, IEEE 802.11ah (Wi-Fi HaLow), LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, and LTE-M technologies. Key characteristics such as communication range, power consumption, network topology, security mechanisms, spectrum usage, and data rates are compared. The presentation also highlights real-world applications including smart grids, industrial automation, smart metering, smart cities, and large-scale sensor networks. A valuable learning resource for IoT, Wireless Networking, Computer Science, and Telecommunications students.

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IoT Access Technologies at a Glance
Six leading technologies for connecting smart objects, each optimized for different use cases.




IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4g/e IEEE 1901.2a IEEE 802.11ah
Low-cost, low data rate WPAN Smart utility networks with Narrowband power line Sub-GHz Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi HaLow)
for home and industrial enhanced MAC and larger communication over existing for large-scale sensor
automation payloads electrical wiring deployments




LoRaWAN NB-IoT & LTE-M
LPWA with chirp spread Licensed-band cellular IoT with
spectrum for long-range, low- improved indoor coverage
power endpoints

, IEEE 802.15.4 — Foundation of Low-Rate WPANs


Key Characteristics
• Low cost, low data rate, battery-friendly
• PHY options: 2.4 GHz (250 kbps), 915 MHz (40 kbps), 868 MHz (20 kbps)
• MAC frame types: Data, Beacon, Acknowledgement, Command
• Security: AES-128 encryption
• Topology: Star, Peer-to-Peer, Mesh


Protocol Stacks Built on 802.15.4




ZigBee — Home, building automation, healthcare 6LoWPAN — IPv6 adaptation layer



Thread — Secure home mesh networking WirelessHART — Industrial process control

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Subjects

  • lorawan
  • nb iot
  • lte m
  • zigbee wi fi halow iot access technologies

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