CPCE Exam: Social & Cultural
Diversity-Graded A
Culture - ANSWER-the human experience mediated by biological, psychological,
historical, and political events; includes behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognitions
related to our identities living within the word
Universal, Group, and Individual - ANSWER-3 levels of culture
Cultural Encapsulation - ANSWER-Occurs when the dominant cultural view is regarded
in counseling as more important than minority values; can lead to a counselor imposing
goals from their own culture on people from another culture
Multicultural Counseling - ANSWER-the integration of cultural identities w/i the
counseling process
Cultural identity - ANSWER-the degree to which individuals identify belonging to
subgroups of various cultural groups or categories
Counseling Timeline: 1960s/1970s - ANSWER-Scholars brought multicultural
awareness into the field of mental health and counseling
William Cross, Jr., 1970s - ANSWER-Developed one of the first racial identity
development models, the "Cross Nigrescence Model"
C. Gilbert Wrenn - ANSWER-author of 1962's The Culturally Encapsulated Counselor
Tripartite Model of Multicultural Counseling - ANSWER-involves three components:
awareness (e.g. self-awareness of values and biases), knowledge (understanding of
client's worldview), and skills (intervention in a culturally appropriate manner)
Etic - ANSWER-viewing a culture from an outsider's point of view
Emic Perspective - ANSWER-insider's perspective; viewing from inside
High-Context Communication - ANSWER-type of nonverbal communication: involves
relying on factors other than explicit speech to convey a message; inference, implying,
delivering nonverbal cues to relay message
Low-Context Communication - ANSWER-type of nonverbal communication: individuals
communicating primarily verbally
,Paralanguage - ANSWER-type of nonverbal communication: refers to verbal cues other
than words; (volume, tempo, prolongation of sound, disfluencies, and pitch)
Kinesics - ANSWER-type of nonverbal communication: involves postures, body
movements, and positions; i.e. facial expressions, eye contact and gazes, and touch.
Chronemics - ANSWER-type of nonverbal communication: how individuals
conceptualize and act toward time (monochromatic/polychromatic time)
Monochromatic Time - ANSWER-refers to an orientation toward time in a linear fashion
(schedules, advanced planning of activities)
Polychromatic Time - ANSWER-refers to the value of time as secondary to relationships
among people
Proxemics - ANSWER-type of nonverbal communication: the use of personal physical
distance
Intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, and public distance - ANSWER-4
interpersonal distances "zones"
Acculturation - ANSWER-the process by which an individual makes sense of a host
culture's value system in relation to his or her own
assimilation model, separation model, integration model/biculturalism, marginalization
model - ANSWER-four main models of acculturation
Assimilation Model - ANSWER-model of acculturation - where highly acculturated
individuals identify solely with the new culture and adopt values and customs of the
other, more dominant group
Separation Model - ANSWER-model of acculturation - individuals refuse to adapt to
cultural values outside of their own cultural values
Integration Model/Biculturalism - ANSWER-model of acculturation; individuals identify
with both their own culture and that of the host culture
Marginalization Model - ANSWER-model of acculturation; individuals reject the cultural
values and customs of both cultures
Worldview - ANSWER-individuals' conceptualization of their relationship with the world
Locus of Responsibility - ANSWER-the focus of responsibility for one's position in life,
be it internal feelings of responsibility or external, societal responsibility
, Internal Locus of Responsibility - ANSWER-refers to the idea that success or failure is
viewed as an individual's own doing and is thus the result of individual systems
External Locus of Responsibility - ANSWER-refers to the notion that the social
environment or external system is responsible for what happens to individuals
Locus of Control - ANSWER-the degree of control individuals perceive they have over
the environment
Internal Locus of Control - ANSWER-the belief that consequences are dependent on an
individual's actions
External Locus of Control - ANSWER-the perception that chance or outside forces
beyond your personal control determine consequences
IR-IC; IR-EC; ER-IC; ER-EC - ANSWER-4 worldview combinations
Human nature; relationship to nature; Sense of time; activity; social relationships -
ANSWER-5 components that integrate into various cultures to create unique cultural
worldviews
Human Nature - ANSWER-component of worldview; involves continuum that humans
are basically good, bad, or both good and bad
Relationship to Nature - ANSWER-component of worldview; how individuals view the
power of nature: harmony with nature, power over nature, or power of nature.
Sense of Time - ANSWER-component of worldview; Relates to what aspect of time
individuals focus on -- past, present, or future
Activity - ANSWER-component of worldview; how self-expression occurs for individuals;
can include being, being-in-becoming, and doing
Social Relationships - ANSWER-component of worldview; involve 3 categories that
relate to the degree of hierarchy and group focus within a culture: lineal-hierarchy,
collateral-mutual, and individualistic
lineal-hierarchal - ANSWER-category of social relationships worldview; traditional
cultures w/ hierarchal positions, typically patriarchal structures
collateral-mutual - ANSWER-category of social relationships worldview; collectivistic
focus
Individualistic - ANSWER-category of social relationships worldview; the needs of
groups are secondary to those of individuals
Diversity-Graded A
Culture - ANSWER-the human experience mediated by biological, psychological,
historical, and political events; includes behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognitions
related to our identities living within the word
Universal, Group, and Individual - ANSWER-3 levels of culture
Cultural Encapsulation - ANSWER-Occurs when the dominant cultural view is regarded
in counseling as more important than minority values; can lead to a counselor imposing
goals from their own culture on people from another culture
Multicultural Counseling - ANSWER-the integration of cultural identities w/i the
counseling process
Cultural identity - ANSWER-the degree to which individuals identify belonging to
subgroups of various cultural groups or categories
Counseling Timeline: 1960s/1970s - ANSWER-Scholars brought multicultural
awareness into the field of mental health and counseling
William Cross, Jr., 1970s - ANSWER-Developed one of the first racial identity
development models, the "Cross Nigrescence Model"
C. Gilbert Wrenn - ANSWER-author of 1962's The Culturally Encapsulated Counselor
Tripartite Model of Multicultural Counseling - ANSWER-involves three components:
awareness (e.g. self-awareness of values and biases), knowledge (understanding of
client's worldview), and skills (intervention in a culturally appropriate manner)
Etic - ANSWER-viewing a culture from an outsider's point of view
Emic Perspective - ANSWER-insider's perspective; viewing from inside
High-Context Communication - ANSWER-type of nonverbal communication: involves
relying on factors other than explicit speech to convey a message; inference, implying,
delivering nonverbal cues to relay message
Low-Context Communication - ANSWER-type of nonverbal communication: individuals
communicating primarily verbally
,Paralanguage - ANSWER-type of nonverbal communication: refers to verbal cues other
than words; (volume, tempo, prolongation of sound, disfluencies, and pitch)
Kinesics - ANSWER-type of nonverbal communication: involves postures, body
movements, and positions; i.e. facial expressions, eye contact and gazes, and touch.
Chronemics - ANSWER-type of nonverbal communication: how individuals
conceptualize and act toward time (monochromatic/polychromatic time)
Monochromatic Time - ANSWER-refers to an orientation toward time in a linear fashion
(schedules, advanced planning of activities)
Polychromatic Time - ANSWER-refers to the value of time as secondary to relationships
among people
Proxemics - ANSWER-type of nonverbal communication: the use of personal physical
distance
Intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, and public distance - ANSWER-4
interpersonal distances "zones"
Acculturation - ANSWER-the process by which an individual makes sense of a host
culture's value system in relation to his or her own
assimilation model, separation model, integration model/biculturalism, marginalization
model - ANSWER-four main models of acculturation
Assimilation Model - ANSWER-model of acculturation - where highly acculturated
individuals identify solely with the new culture and adopt values and customs of the
other, more dominant group
Separation Model - ANSWER-model of acculturation - individuals refuse to adapt to
cultural values outside of their own cultural values
Integration Model/Biculturalism - ANSWER-model of acculturation; individuals identify
with both their own culture and that of the host culture
Marginalization Model - ANSWER-model of acculturation; individuals reject the cultural
values and customs of both cultures
Worldview - ANSWER-individuals' conceptualization of their relationship with the world
Locus of Responsibility - ANSWER-the focus of responsibility for one's position in life,
be it internal feelings of responsibility or external, societal responsibility
, Internal Locus of Responsibility - ANSWER-refers to the idea that success or failure is
viewed as an individual's own doing and is thus the result of individual systems
External Locus of Responsibility - ANSWER-refers to the notion that the social
environment or external system is responsible for what happens to individuals
Locus of Control - ANSWER-the degree of control individuals perceive they have over
the environment
Internal Locus of Control - ANSWER-the belief that consequences are dependent on an
individual's actions
External Locus of Control - ANSWER-the perception that chance or outside forces
beyond your personal control determine consequences
IR-IC; IR-EC; ER-IC; ER-EC - ANSWER-4 worldview combinations
Human nature; relationship to nature; Sense of time; activity; social relationships -
ANSWER-5 components that integrate into various cultures to create unique cultural
worldviews
Human Nature - ANSWER-component of worldview; involves continuum that humans
are basically good, bad, or both good and bad
Relationship to Nature - ANSWER-component of worldview; how individuals view the
power of nature: harmony with nature, power over nature, or power of nature.
Sense of Time - ANSWER-component of worldview; Relates to what aspect of time
individuals focus on -- past, present, or future
Activity - ANSWER-component of worldview; how self-expression occurs for individuals;
can include being, being-in-becoming, and doing
Social Relationships - ANSWER-component of worldview; involve 3 categories that
relate to the degree of hierarchy and group focus within a culture: lineal-hierarchy,
collateral-mutual, and individualistic
lineal-hierarchal - ANSWER-category of social relationships worldview; traditional
cultures w/ hierarchal positions, typically patriarchal structures
collateral-mutual - ANSWER-category of social relationships worldview; collectivistic
focus
Individualistic - ANSWER-category of social relationships worldview; the needs of
groups are secondary to those of individuals
