ACTG 474 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
sabotage - Answers - an intentional act where the intent is to destroy a system or some
of its components
cookie - Answers - text file created by a website and stored on a visitors hard drive. they
store info about who the user is and what they have done on the site
fraud - Answers - any and all means a person uses to gain an unfair advantage over
another person
white collar criminals - Answers - business people who commit fraud, usually resort to
trickery or cunning, and their crimes usually involve a violation of trust or confidence
corruption - Answers - dishonest conduct by those in power which often involves actions
that are illegitimate, immoral, or incompatible with ethical standards
investment fraud - Answers - misrepresenting or leaving out facts in order to promote an
investment that promises fantastic profits with little to no risk
misappropriation of assets - Answers - theft of company assets by employees
fraudulent financial reporting - Answers - intentional or reckless conduct, whether by act
or omission, that results in materially misleading financial statements
pressure - Answers - a person's incentive or motivation for committing fraud
opportunity - Answers - condition or situation that allows a person or organization to
commit and conceal a dishonest act and convert it to a personal gain
lapping - Answers - concealing the theft of cash by means of a series of delays in
posting collections to accounts receivable
check kiting - Answers - creating cash using the lag between the time a check is
deposited and the time it clears the bank
rationalization - Answers - excuse that fraud perpetrators use to justify their illegal
behaviors
computer fraud - Answers - any type of fraud that requires computer technology to
perpetrate
, information rights management - Answers - software that offers the capability to not only
limit access to specific files or documents, but also to specify the actions that individuals
who are granted access to that resource can perform
data loss prevention - Answers - software that works like antivirus programs in reverse,
blocking outgoing messages that contain key words or phrases associated with
intellectual property or other sensitive data the organization wants to protect
digital watermark - Answers - code embedded in documents that enables an
organization to identify confidential information that has been disclosed
data masking - Answers - program that protects privacy by replacing personal
information with fake values
spam - Answers - unsolicited emails that contain advertisements or offensive content
identity theft - Answers - assuming someones identity, usually for economic gain
encryption - Answers - process of transforming normal text, called plaintext, into
unreadable gibberish, called ciphertext
decryption - Answers - process of turning ciphertext into plain text
symmetric encryption systems - Answers - encryption systems that use the same key to
both encrypt and decrypt
asymmetric encryption systems - Answers - encryption systems that use two keys
(public and private); either key can encrypt, but only the matching key can decrypt
public key - Answers - used in asymmetric encryption systems, widely distributed and
available to everyone
private key - Answers - used in asymmetric encryption systems, it is kept secret and
known only to the owner of that pair of public and private keys
key escrow - Answers - process of storing a copy of an encryption key in a secure
location
hashing - Answers - transforming plaintext of any length into a shortcode - called a hash
nonrepudiation - Answers - creating legally binding agreements that cannot be
unilaterally repudiated by either party
digital signature - Answers - hash encrypted with hash creator's private key
sabotage - Answers - an intentional act where the intent is to destroy a system or some
of its components
cookie - Answers - text file created by a website and stored on a visitors hard drive. they
store info about who the user is and what they have done on the site
fraud - Answers - any and all means a person uses to gain an unfair advantage over
another person
white collar criminals - Answers - business people who commit fraud, usually resort to
trickery or cunning, and their crimes usually involve a violation of trust or confidence
corruption - Answers - dishonest conduct by those in power which often involves actions
that are illegitimate, immoral, or incompatible with ethical standards
investment fraud - Answers - misrepresenting or leaving out facts in order to promote an
investment that promises fantastic profits with little to no risk
misappropriation of assets - Answers - theft of company assets by employees
fraudulent financial reporting - Answers - intentional or reckless conduct, whether by act
or omission, that results in materially misleading financial statements
pressure - Answers - a person's incentive or motivation for committing fraud
opportunity - Answers - condition or situation that allows a person or organization to
commit and conceal a dishonest act and convert it to a personal gain
lapping - Answers - concealing the theft of cash by means of a series of delays in
posting collections to accounts receivable
check kiting - Answers - creating cash using the lag between the time a check is
deposited and the time it clears the bank
rationalization - Answers - excuse that fraud perpetrators use to justify their illegal
behaviors
computer fraud - Answers - any type of fraud that requires computer technology to
perpetrate
, information rights management - Answers - software that offers the capability to not only
limit access to specific files or documents, but also to specify the actions that individuals
who are granted access to that resource can perform
data loss prevention - Answers - software that works like antivirus programs in reverse,
blocking outgoing messages that contain key words or phrases associated with
intellectual property or other sensitive data the organization wants to protect
digital watermark - Answers - code embedded in documents that enables an
organization to identify confidential information that has been disclosed
data masking - Answers - program that protects privacy by replacing personal
information with fake values
spam - Answers - unsolicited emails that contain advertisements or offensive content
identity theft - Answers - assuming someones identity, usually for economic gain
encryption - Answers - process of transforming normal text, called plaintext, into
unreadable gibberish, called ciphertext
decryption - Answers - process of turning ciphertext into plain text
symmetric encryption systems - Answers - encryption systems that use the same key to
both encrypt and decrypt
asymmetric encryption systems - Answers - encryption systems that use two keys
(public and private); either key can encrypt, but only the matching key can decrypt
public key - Answers - used in asymmetric encryption systems, widely distributed and
available to everyone
private key - Answers - used in asymmetric encryption systems, it is kept secret and
known only to the owner of that pair of public and private keys
key escrow - Answers - process of storing a copy of an encryption key in a secure
location
hashing - Answers - transforming plaintext of any length into a shortcode - called a hash
nonrepudiation - Answers - creating legally binding agreements that cannot be
unilaterally repudiated by either party
digital signature - Answers - hash encrypted with hash creator's private key
