STS ICD CPT CODING APPLICATION
STUDY SHEET PRACTICE SET 2026
◉ Matter of fact
Answer: Scientific fact accepted through trust and witnessing.
◉ Moral certainty
Answer: Confidence in scientific claims based on trusted witnesses.
◉ Tacit knowledge
Answer: Knowledge learned through practice that is hard to formally
explain.
◉ Michael Polanyi
Answer: Coined the term tacit knowledge.
◉ H.M. Collins
Answer: STS scholar studying tacit knowledge and scientific
networks.
◉ Instrumentation
Answer: Scientific instruments shape fact creation and authority.
,◉ Authority in science
Answer: Credibility and expertise influence whether claims become
accepted.
◉ Stephen Hilgartner
Answer: Studied performativity and scientific advice.
◉ Science on Stage
Answer: Hilgartner's theory that scientific advice functions like
theater.
◉ Double bind of scientific advisors
Answer: Experts need openness for legitimacy but openness exposes
uncertainty.
◉ Front stage
Answer: Public presentation of science.
◉ Back stage
Answer: Hidden negotiations and disagreements in science.
, ◉ Boundary work
Answer: Process of defining science vs non-science and who counts
as an expert.
◉ Thomas Gieryn
Answer: Developed boundary-work theory.
◉ Boundary organizations
Answer: Organizations connecting science and politics while
preserving credibility.
◉ David Guston
Answer: Associated with boundary organizations and boundary
objects.
◉ Demarcation problem
Answer: Question of what separates science from non-science.
◉ STS answer to demarcation
Answer: Science vs non-science boundaries are socially constructed.
◉ Bruno Latour
STUDY SHEET PRACTICE SET 2026
◉ Matter of fact
Answer: Scientific fact accepted through trust and witnessing.
◉ Moral certainty
Answer: Confidence in scientific claims based on trusted witnesses.
◉ Tacit knowledge
Answer: Knowledge learned through practice that is hard to formally
explain.
◉ Michael Polanyi
Answer: Coined the term tacit knowledge.
◉ H.M. Collins
Answer: STS scholar studying tacit knowledge and scientific
networks.
◉ Instrumentation
Answer: Scientific instruments shape fact creation and authority.
,◉ Authority in science
Answer: Credibility and expertise influence whether claims become
accepted.
◉ Stephen Hilgartner
Answer: Studied performativity and scientific advice.
◉ Science on Stage
Answer: Hilgartner's theory that scientific advice functions like
theater.
◉ Double bind of scientific advisors
Answer: Experts need openness for legitimacy but openness exposes
uncertainty.
◉ Front stage
Answer: Public presentation of science.
◉ Back stage
Answer: Hidden negotiations and disagreements in science.
, ◉ Boundary work
Answer: Process of defining science vs non-science and who counts
as an expert.
◉ Thomas Gieryn
Answer: Developed boundary-work theory.
◉ Boundary organizations
Answer: Organizations connecting science and politics while
preserving credibility.
◉ David Guston
Answer: Associated with boundary organizations and boundary
objects.
◉ Demarcation problem
Answer: Question of what separates science from non-science.
◉ STS answer to demarcation
Answer: Science vs non-science boundaries are socially constructed.
◉ Bruno Latour
