HEART FAILURE WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION REVIEW 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+

HEART FAILURE WITH ATRIAL
FIBRILLATION REVIEW 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+

●● Heart Failure causes.
Answer: Neurohormonal phenomenon
Declining ventricular function
End Point of Cardiac Disease


●● Systolic vs Diastolic Failure.
Answer: Systolic failure
Deterioration of the contractile function with decreasing ejection
fraction
Majority of HF in men
(squeeze contracion aqnd ejecion cannot pump forward backs up into L
atrium Right heart fails systemic periferal edema and liver enlarge )
Found in patients < 65
Diastolic Failure
Deterioration of contraction and relaxation the filling phase
Found in 50% of HF patients after age 75
More common in women

, ●● Neurohormones and Heart Failure.
Answer: Vasopressin
Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
Endothelin
Cytokines
Some cause vasoconstriction, LV dysfunction, and remodeling


●● Progression of Heart Failure.
Answer:


●● BNP.
Answer: produced by the ventricles, triggered by pressure, released into
the blood stream with increasing pressure and stretch of ventricles,
causes natural diuresis
BNP= Peripheral vasoconstriction
Hemodynamic alterations
Mhyocardial toxcitity


●● Left sided heart failure.
Answer: Left-sided heart failure A condition that results from various
other conditions that impair the left ventricle's ability to eject blood into
the aorta