NU606 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions with Correct Answers| Regis
Sign
a. objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the
affected individual. Ex: fever, rash
Symptom
a. subjective feelings; ex: pain, nausea
Acute
indicates short-term illness that develops quickly with marked signs such as high
fever or severe pain; ex: acute appendicitis
Chronic
milder condition developing gradually, but it persists for a long time and usually
causes more permanent tissue damage, intermittent acute episodes; ex:
rheumatoid arthritis
Syndrome
collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ, that
usually occur together in response to a certain condition
Manifestation
,clinical evidence or effects, the signs and symptoms of disease (local such as
redness or swelling; systemic such as fever; general indicators of illness)
Etiology
concerns the causative factors in a particular disease (one or more); ex: congenital
defects, inherited or genetic disorders, microorganisms, malignancy, burns,
trauma, and environmental factors.
Hypertrophy
increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue mass. Caused
by: additional work by the tissue; ex: effect of consistent exercise on muscle.
Excessive hormonal stimulation.
Metaplasia
occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cells time.
Cause may results from a vitamin A deficit. Sometimes may be an adaptive
mechanism that provide a more resistant tissue, ex: stratified squamous
epithelium replaced ciliated columnar epithelium in the respiratory tracts of
cigarette smokers.
Anaplasia
cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and
numerous mitotic figures. Seen in most but not all malignant tumors and is the
basis for grading the aggressiveness of a tumor.
Atrophy
, decrease in the size of cells, results in a reduced tissue mass; common causes:
reduced use of tissue, insufficient nutrition, decreased neurological or hormonal
stimulation, and aging. Ex: shrinkage of skeletal muscle after immobilized in a cast
Protooncogenes
a. when proto-oncogenes are converted to an onco gene, a cell can become
malignant; they encode proteins that function in a cells' normal activity. Proto-
oncogenes are normal cellular genes that promote growth. Proto-oncogenes are
not the same as oncogenes, which are mutant proto-oncogenes. They are
different from tumor-suppressor genes and do not alter tumor-suppressor genes.
Mutational events lead to oncogenes, a mutated proto-oncogene.
Cancer
a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the
body
Lipoma
benign tumor of fatty tissue
Adenoma
benign tumor of epithelial tissue of a gland
Fibrosarcoma
malignant tumor of fibrous tissue
Questions with Correct Answers| Regis
Sign
a. objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the
affected individual. Ex: fever, rash
Symptom
a. subjective feelings; ex: pain, nausea
Acute
indicates short-term illness that develops quickly with marked signs such as high
fever or severe pain; ex: acute appendicitis
Chronic
milder condition developing gradually, but it persists for a long time and usually
causes more permanent tissue damage, intermittent acute episodes; ex:
rheumatoid arthritis
Syndrome
collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ, that
usually occur together in response to a certain condition
Manifestation
,clinical evidence or effects, the signs and symptoms of disease (local such as
redness or swelling; systemic such as fever; general indicators of illness)
Etiology
concerns the causative factors in a particular disease (one or more); ex: congenital
defects, inherited or genetic disorders, microorganisms, malignancy, burns,
trauma, and environmental factors.
Hypertrophy
increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue mass. Caused
by: additional work by the tissue; ex: effect of consistent exercise on muscle.
Excessive hormonal stimulation.
Metaplasia
occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cells time.
Cause may results from a vitamin A deficit. Sometimes may be an adaptive
mechanism that provide a more resistant tissue, ex: stratified squamous
epithelium replaced ciliated columnar epithelium in the respiratory tracts of
cigarette smokers.
Anaplasia
cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and
numerous mitotic figures. Seen in most but not all malignant tumors and is the
basis for grading the aggressiveness of a tumor.
Atrophy
, decrease in the size of cells, results in a reduced tissue mass; common causes:
reduced use of tissue, insufficient nutrition, decreased neurological or hormonal
stimulation, and aging. Ex: shrinkage of skeletal muscle after immobilized in a cast
Protooncogenes
a. when proto-oncogenes are converted to an onco gene, a cell can become
malignant; they encode proteins that function in a cells' normal activity. Proto-
oncogenes are normal cellular genes that promote growth. Proto-oncogenes are
not the same as oncogenes, which are mutant proto-oncogenes. They are
different from tumor-suppressor genes and do not alter tumor-suppressor genes.
Mutational events lead to oncogenes, a mutated proto-oncogene.
Cancer
a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the
body
Lipoma
benign tumor of fatty tissue
Adenoma
benign tumor of epithelial tissue of a gland
Fibrosarcoma
malignant tumor of fibrous tissue
