ARDS AND ARF QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS!!! 2026
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - correct answer-
a condition of severe acute inflammation and pulmonary edema without evidence of fluid overload o
r impaired cardiac function
ARDS is a progressive disorder - correct answer--
Damage to alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium triggers the onset of severe inflammation
-Chemical mediators promote vasodilation and increased capillary permeability in the lungs
-Fluids and other substances leak into the lung tissues and alveolar space--> pulmonary edema
-Damage to alveolar cells --> atelectasis
ARDS phase I - correct answer-
Injury reduces blood flow to the lungs. Platelets aggregate and release histamine, serotonin, and brad
ykinin
ARDS phase II - correct answer-
Histamine (mainly) inflames and damages the alveolocapillary membrane, increasing capillary perme
ability. Fluids then shift into the interstitial space
ARDS phase III - correct answer-
As capillary permeability increases, proteins and fluids leak out, increasing interstitial osmotic pressu
re and causing pulmonary edema
ARDS phase IV - correct answer-
Decreased blood flow and fluids in the alveoli damage surfactant and impair the cell's ability to pro
duce more. As a result, alveoli collapse, impeding gas exchange and decreasing lung compliance
ARDS mnemonic - correct answer-Assault to the pulmonary system
Respiratory distress
Decreased lung compliance
Severe respiratory failure
ARDS risk factors - correct answer-Aspiration (gastric secretions, drowning, hydrocarbons)
, Drug ingestion and overdose
Hematologic disorders (disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, massive transfusions, cardiopulmona
ry bypass)
Prolonged inhalation of high concentrations of oxygen, smoke, or corrosive substances
Localized infection (bacterial, fungal, viral pneumonia)
Metabolic disorders (pancreatitis, uremia)
Shock (any cause)
Trauma (pulmonary contusion, multiple fractures, head injury)
Major surgery
Fat or air embolism
Sepsis
ARDS clinical manifestations - stage 1 - correct answer--
rapid onset of dyspnea, especially with exertion
-occurs within the 1st 12 hours after injury
ARDS clinical manifestations - stage 2 - correct answer--greater respiratory distress
-tachypnea
-use of accessory muscles to breathe
-restlessness
-dry cough or frothy sputum
-tachycardia
-cool, clammy skin
-basilar crackles
-respiratory alkalosis
ARDS clinical manifestations - stage 3 - correct answer--obvious respiratory distress
-tachypnea, use of accessory muscles, decreased LOC ensue
-tachy with dysrhythmias (PVCs)
-labile BP
-skin - pale and cyanosis
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - correct answer-
a condition of severe acute inflammation and pulmonary edema without evidence of fluid overload o
r impaired cardiac function
ARDS is a progressive disorder - correct answer--
Damage to alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium triggers the onset of severe inflammation
-Chemical mediators promote vasodilation and increased capillary permeability in the lungs
-Fluids and other substances leak into the lung tissues and alveolar space--> pulmonary edema
-Damage to alveolar cells --> atelectasis
ARDS phase I - correct answer-
Injury reduces blood flow to the lungs. Platelets aggregate and release histamine, serotonin, and brad
ykinin
ARDS phase II - correct answer-
Histamine (mainly) inflames and damages the alveolocapillary membrane, increasing capillary perme
ability. Fluids then shift into the interstitial space
ARDS phase III - correct answer-
As capillary permeability increases, proteins and fluids leak out, increasing interstitial osmotic pressu
re and causing pulmonary edema
ARDS phase IV - correct answer-
Decreased blood flow and fluids in the alveoli damage surfactant and impair the cell's ability to pro
duce more. As a result, alveoli collapse, impeding gas exchange and decreasing lung compliance
ARDS mnemonic - correct answer-Assault to the pulmonary system
Respiratory distress
Decreased lung compliance
Severe respiratory failure
ARDS risk factors - correct answer-Aspiration (gastric secretions, drowning, hydrocarbons)
, Drug ingestion and overdose
Hematologic disorders (disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, massive transfusions, cardiopulmona
ry bypass)
Prolonged inhalation of high concentrations of oxygen, smoke, or corrosive substances
Localized infection (bacterial, fungal, viral pneumonia)
Metabolic disorders (pancreatitis, uremia)
Shock (any cause)
Trauma (pulmonary contusion, multiple fractures, head injury)
Major surgery
Fat or air embolism
Sepsis
ARDS clinical manifestations - stage 1 - correct answer--
rapid onset of dyspnea, especially with exertion
-occurs within the 1st 12 hours after injury
ARDS clinical manifestations - stage 2 - correct answer--greater respiratory distress
-tachypnea
-use of accessory muscles to breathe
-restlessness
-dry cough or frothy sputum
-tachycardia
-cool, clammy skin
-basilar crackles
-respiratory alkalosis
ARDS clinical manifestations - stage 3 - correct answer--obvious respiratory distress
-tachypnea, use of accessory muscles, decreased LOC ensue
-tachy with dysrhythmias (PVCs)
-labile BP
-skin - pale and cyanosis
