Contributing Factors for FVE
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Compromised regulatory mechanisms, such as kidney injury, heart failure,
and cirrhosis; overzealous administration of sodium-containing fluids; and
fluid shifts (i.e., treatment of burns). Prolonged corticosteroid therapy,
severe stress, and hyperaldosteronism augment fluid volume excess.
Contributing Factors for Hyperkalemia
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, Pseudohyperkalemia, oliguric kidney injury, use of potassium-conserving
diuretics in patients with renal insufficiency, metabolic acidosis, Addison
disease, crush injury, burns, stored bank blood transfusions, rapid IV
administration of potassium, and certain medications such as ACE inhibitors,
NSAIDs, cyclosporine
Normal Phosphorus Levels
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2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Enoxaparin Mechanism of Action
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Inhibit factor Xa
ECG indications for Hypomagnesemia
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ECG: PVCs, flat or inverted T waves, depressed ST segment, prolonged PR
interval, and widened QRS
S&S of Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
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hypotension, profound dehydration (dry mucous membranes, poor skin
turgor), tachycardia, and variable neurologic signs (e.g., alteration of
consciousness, seizures, hemiparesis)
Contributing Factors for Hypermagnesemia
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Oliguric phase of acute kidney injury (particularly when magnesium-
containing medications are given), adrenal insufficiency, excessive IV
magnesium administration, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hypothyroidism
Medical Management for Hypernatremia
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Gradually lowering serum sodium with 0.45% Ns or isotonic non saline
solution (dextrose 5% in water)
Exercise Considerations for Diabetics
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Compromised regulatory mechanisms, such as kidney injury, heart failure,
and cirrhosis; overzealous administration of sodium-containing fluids; and
fluid shifts (i.e., treatment of burns). Prolonged corticosteroid therapy,
severe stress, and hyperaldosteronism augment fluid volume excess.
Contributing Factors for Hyperkalemia
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, Pseudohyperkalemia, oliguric kidney injury, use of potassium-conserving
diuretics in patients with renal insufficiency, metabolic acidosis, Addison
disease, crush injury, burns, stored bank blood transfusions, rapid IV
administration of potassium, and certain medications such as ACE inhibitors,
NSAIDs, cyclosporine
Normal Phosphorus Levels
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2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Enoxaparin Mechanism of Action
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Inhibit factor Xa
ECG indications for Hypomagnesemia
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ECG: PVCs, flat or inverted T waves, depressed ST segment, prolonged PR
interval, and widened QRS
S&S of Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
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hypotension, profound dehydration (dry mucous membranes, poor skin
turgor), tachycardia, and variable neurologic signs (e.g., alteration of
consciousness, seizures, hemiparesis)
Contributing Factors for Hypermagnesemia
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Oliguric phase of acute kidney injury (particularly when magnesium-
containing medications are given), adrenal insufficiency, excessive IV
magnesium administration, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hypothyroidism
Medical Management for Hypernatremia
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Gradually lowering serum sodium with 0.45% Ns or isotonic non saline
solution (dextrose 5% in water)
Exercise Considerations for Diabetics
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