Radiographic Pathology - Ch. 4:
Skeletal System Final Exam and
Already Solved Solutions 2026-2027
Updated.
Fibrous membrane covering the outer surface - Answer Periosteum
Shaft of long bone - Answer Diaphysis
End of long bone that at first is separated form the main part by cartilage but later fuses
together by ossification - Answer Epiphyses
Hollow, tube-like structure within the diaphysis - Answer Medullary cavity
Inner membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone - Answer Endosteum
Outer layer consists of which to the naked eye appears dense and structureless - Answer
Compact bone
Spongy bone of medullary cavity and bony trabeculae - Answer Cancellous (spongy) bone
TrabeculaeSupporting or anchoring strands of connective tissue within body structures - Answer
Trabeculae
Epiphyseal cartilageCartilagenous plate separtating the epiphysis from the diaphysis - Answer
Epiphyseal cartilage
Wider part at the end of the shaft of a long bone, adjacent to the epiphyseal plate; located
between epiphysis and the diaphysis - Answer Metaphysis
Produce new bone around the outer circumference from the periosteum - Answer
Osteoblasts
Enlarge the diameter of the medullary cavity by removing bone from the diaphysis walls. -
Answer Osteoclasts
Bone formation - Answer Ossification
,Bone destruction from osteoclasts - Answer Resorption
Bone formation from connective tissue - Answer Intramembranous ossification
Flat bones growth in size by the addition of osseous tissue to their outer surfaces - Answer
Appositional growth
What are the five basic functions of bones? - Answer 1. Bones serve as a supporting
framework of the body
2. Bones protect vital organs (e.g. the skull protects the brain, rib cage protects the heart and
lungs)
3. Bones serve as levers on which muscles can contract and shorten and thus produce
movement at a joint
4. Red bone marrow within certain bones (spinal column, upper humerus, and upper femur is a
major site of production of blood cells
5. Bones serve as the major storehouse for calcium salts. The maintenance of normal level of
calcium, which is essential for survival, depends on a balance in the rates of calcium movment
between blood and bones
Pathology of Vertebral anomalies: - Answer Location: Lumbar, cervical
Imaging appearance: Unilateral or bilateral, L5 expanded transverse process
Rudimentary C7 rib
Treatment: Cervical may require surgical removal for compression of brachial plexus or
subclavian artery
Vertebra with characteristics of another spinal region - Answer Transitional vertebrae
An extra rib that articulates with a cervical vertebra: - Answer Cervical rib
Pathology of Spina bifida: - Answer A spinal canal defect caused from failure of the posterior
elements to fuse properly.
Location: Cervical, thoracic, or lumbar/sacral spine
Imaging appearance: Splitting of bony neural canal
, CT/MRI - soft tissue posterior mass with or without spinal cord and nerve roots
US - fetal demonstration of location and severity of phyophysiology
Treatment: Prevention - folic acid supplements during pregnancy
Fetal intervention - minimizing nerve damage
Nonfusion requires no treatment
Myelomeningocele is removed surgically
Mild, insignificant form, in which there is a splitting of the bony neural canal at the L5 or S1
level. - Answer Spina bifida occulta
Protrusion of the meninges through the skin - Answer Meningocele
Herniation of the spinal cord and meninges through the skin: - Answer Myelomeningocele
Pathology of Osteopetrosis (marble bones): - Answer A rare hereditary bone dysplasia in
which bone marrow does not form and bones become brittle. Stress fractures occur often. Must
increase technical factors due to increased bone density
Location: entire skeleton
Imaging appearance: Generalized increased bone density
Treatment: No efficacious treatment
Medications to increase bone resorption
Possible transplant - bone marrow or osteoclastic precursors
Pathology of Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bones): - Answer A inherited generalized
disorder of connective tissue characterized by multiple fractures. May require low Kv to
compensate for loss of bone quality.
Location: long bones
Imaging appearance: Pathologic fracture, very thin cortical density
Treatment: Fracture alignment
Skeletal System Final Exam and
Already Solved Solutions 2026-2027
Updated.
Fibrous membrane covering the outer surface - Answer Periosteum
Shaft of long bone - Answer Diaphysis
End of long bone that at first is separated form the main part by cartilage but later fuses
together by ossification - Answer Epiphyses
Hollow, tube-like structure within the diaphysis - Answer Medullary cavity
Inner membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone - Answer Endosteum
Outer layer consists of which to the naked eye appears dense and structureless - Answer
Compact bone
Spongy bone of medullary cavity and bony trabeculae - Answer Cancellous (spongy) bone
TrabeculaeSupporting or anchoring strands of connective tissue within body structures - Answer
Trabeculae
Epiphyseal cartilageCartilagenous plate separtating the epiphysis from the diaphysis - Answer
Epiphyseal cartilage
Wider part at the end of the shaft of a long bone, adjacent to the epiphyseal plate; located
between epiphysis and the diaphysis - Answer Metaphysis
Produce new bone around the outer circumference from the periosteum - Answer
Osteoblasts
Enlarge the diameter of the medullary cavity by removing bone from the diaphysis walls. -
Answer Osteoclasts
Bone formation - Answer Ossification
,Bone destruction from osteoclasts - Answer Resorption
Bone formation from connective tissue - Answer Intramembranous ossification
Flat bones growth in size by the addition of osseous tissue to their outer surfaces - Answer
Appositional growth
What are the five basic functions of bones? - Answer 1. Bones serve as a supporting
framework of the body
2. Bones protect vital organs (e.g. the skull protects the brain, rib cage protects the heart and
lungs)
3. Bones serve as levers on which muscles can contract and shorten and thus produce
movement at a joint
4. Red bone marrow within certain bones (spinal column, upper humerus, and upper femur is a
major site of production of blood cells
5. Bones serve as the major storehouse for calcium salts. The maintenance of normal level of
calcium, which is essential for survival, depends on a balance in the rates of calcium movment
between blood and bones
Pathology of Vertebral anomalies: - Answer Location: Lumbar, cervical
Imaging appearance: Unilateral or bilateral, L5 expanded transverse process
Rudimentary C7 rib
Treatment: Cervical may require surgical removal for compression of brachial plexus or
subclavian artery
Vertebra with characteristics of another spinal region - Answer Transitional vertebrae
An extra rib that articulates with a cervical vertebra: - Answer Cervical rib
Pathology of Spina bifida: - Answer A spinal canal defect caused from failure of the posterior
elements to fuse properly.
Location: Cervical, thoracic, or lumbar/sacral spine
Imaging appearance: Splitting of bony neural canal
, CT/MRI - soft tissue posterior mass with or without spinal cord and nerve roots
US - fetal demonstration of location and severity of phyophysiology
Treatment: Prevention - folic acid supplements during pregnancy
Fetal intervention - minimizing nerve damage
Nonfusion requires no treatment
Myelomeningocele is removed surgically
Mild, insignificant form, in which there is a splitting of the bony neural canal at the L5 or S1
level. - Answer Spina bifida occulta
Protrusion of the meninges through the skin - Answer Meningocele
Herniation of the spinal cord and meninges through the skin: - Answer Myelomeningocele
Pathology of Osteopetrosis (marble bones): - Answer A rare hereditary bone dysplasia in
which bone marrow does not form and bones become brittle. Stress fractures occur often. Must
increase technical factors due to increased bone density
Location: entire skeleton
Imaging appearance: Generalized increased bone density
Treatment: No efficacious treatment
Medications to increase bone resorption
Possible transplant - bone marrow or osteoclastic precursors
Pathology of Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bones): - Answer A inherited generalized
disorder of connective tissue characterized by multiple fractures. May require low Kv to
compensate for loss of bone quality.
Location: long bones
Imaging appearance: Pathologic fracture, very thin cortical density
Treatment: Fracture alignment
