2026 NURS 5315: ADV PATHO EXAM 1
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER -E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an incr
ease in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, h
ormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass aſter damage or partial resection; may be
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (en
dometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enl
argement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, mode
rate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia
or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer develop
ment; pap smears oſten show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can
arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytok
ines and growth factors
,Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Eso
phagus-
normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal me
taplasia
Hypoxia injury - CORRECT ANSWER -E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism
. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-
Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - CORRECT ANSWER -
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale
. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - CORRECT ANSWER -Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -prostate tumors
,c
Carcino-c -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -fromc epithelialc tissue-c renalc cellc carcinoma
Sarco-c -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -fromc connectivec tissue-c chondrosarcoma
Carcinomac inc situc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -
preinvasivec epithelialc malignantc tumorsc ofc glandularc orc squamousc cells-c cervix
Lungc cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Multiplec organsc includingc brain
Colorectalc cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Liver,c lungs
Testicularc cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Liver,c lungs,c brain
Prostatec cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Bonesc (especiallyc lumbarc spine),c liver
Headc andc neckc cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Liver,c bones,c lymphatics
Ovarianc cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Peritonealc surfaces,c diaphragm,c omentum,c liver
Sarcomac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Lungs
Melanomac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Inc transitc lymphatics,c lung,c liver,c brain,c GIc tract
Mechanismsc ofc cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -
Localc invasion,c followedc byc invasionc ofc surroundingc tissues.c Cellsc thenc mayc invadec bloodc andc lymph
aticc vessels.c Theyc mustc survivec inc circulation,c thenc enterc andc survivec inc ac newc location.c Thenc thec
c
ellsc canc multiplyc andc formc ac newc tumor.
TNMc stagingc systemc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -T=c tumorc sizec >/=c correlatesc withc metastaticc ability
,c
N=c whetherc lymphc nodesc arec involved
M=c extrac nodalc involvementc (liver,c lungs)
Intravascularc fluidc compartmentc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Inc venousc system-c 20%
Osmolalityc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Thec measurec ofc solutec concentrationc inc ac fluid.
280-295c mOsm
Interstitialc fluidc compartmentc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -
Surroundsc thec cellsc andc bathesc themc inc nutrients-c 20%
Intracellularc fluidc compartmentc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Withinc thec cells-c 40%c uk
Osmosisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Passive-
thec movementc ofc waterc fromc anc areac ofc lowc concentrationc ofc solutec toc onec ofc higherc concentrat
i
on
Osmoticc pressurec -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Pulling-
thec amountc ofc pressurec orc forcec thatc isc exertedc byc solutec moleculesc ofc ac givenc compartmen
t
Hydrostaticc pressurec -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Bloodc pressure-
pushesc fluidc outsidec ofc thec vessels,c thec forcec ofc fluidc againstc thec wallsc ofc ac compartment-
venousc obstruction,c Nac andc waterc retention
Oncoticc pressurec -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -
Colloidc pressurec keepsc waterc insidec thec compartment,c attractsc waterc fromc interstitialc spacec backc in
toc thec capillary-c lossesc orc diminishedc albumin
Effectivec arterialc bloodc volumec -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -
Thec amountc ofc bloodc withinc thec arterialc space-
ECFc changesc willc causec changesc inc thec EABVc inc thec samec direction
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER -E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an incr
ease in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, h
ormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass aſter damage or partial resection; may be
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (en
dometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enl
argement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, mode
rate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia
or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer develop
ment; pap smears oſten show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can
arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytok
ines and growth factors
,Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Eso
phagus-
normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal me
taplasia
Hypoxia injury - CORRECT ANSWER -E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism
. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-
Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - CORRECT ANSWER -
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale
. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - CORRECT ANSWER -Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -prostate tumors
,c
Carcino-c -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -fromc epithelialc tissue-c renalc cellc carcinoma
Sarco-c -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -fromc connectivec tissue-c chondrosarcoma
Carcinomac inc situc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -
preinvasivec epithelialc malignantc tumorsc ofc glandularc orc squamousc cells-c cervix
Lungc cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Multiplec organsc includingc brain
Colorectalc cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Liver,c lungs
Testicularc cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Liver,c lungs,c brain
Prostatec cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Bonesc (especiallyc lumbarc spine),c liver
Headc andc neckc cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Liver,c bones,c lymphatics
Ovarianc cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Peritonealc surfaces,c diaphragm,c omentum,c liver
Sarcomac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Lungs
Melanomac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Inc transitc lymphatics,c lung,c liver,c brain,c GIc tract
Mechanismsc ofc cac metastasisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -
Localc invasion,c followedc byc invasionc ofc surroundingc tissues.c Cellsc thenc mayc invadec bloodc andc lymph
aticc vessels.c Theyc mustc survivec inc circulation,c thenc enterc andc survivec inc ac newc location.c Thenc thec
c
ellsc canc multiplyc andc formc ac newc tumor.
TNMc stagingc systemc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -T=c tumorc sizec >/=c correlatesc withc metastaticc ability
,c
N=c whetherc lymphc nodesc arec involved
M=c extrac nodalc involvementc (liver,c lungs)
Intravascularc fluidc compartmentc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Inc venousc system-c 20%
Osmolalityc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Thec measurec ofc solutec concentrationc inc ac fluid.
280-295c mOsm
Interstitialc fluidc compartmentc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -
Surroundsc thec cellsc andc bathesc themc inc nutrients-c 20%
Intracellularc fluidc compartmentc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Withinc thec cells-c 40%c uk
Osmosisc -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Passive-
thec movementc ofc waterc fromc anc areac ofc lowc concentrationc ofc solutec toc onec ofc higherc concentrat
i
on
Osmoticc pressurec -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Pulling-
thec amountc ofc pressurec orc forcec thatc isc exertedc byc solutec moleculesc ofc ac givenc compartmen
t
Hydrostaticc pressurec -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -Bloodc pressure-
pushesc fluidc outsidec ofc thec vessels,c thec forcec ofc fluidc againstc thec wallsc ofc ac compartment-
venousc obstruction,c Nac andc waterc retention
Oncoticc pressurec -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -
Colloidc pressurec keepsc waterc insidec thec compartment,c attractsc waterc fromc interstitialc spacec backc in
toc thec capillary-c lossesc orc diminishedc albumin
Effectivec arterialc bloodc volumec -c CORRECTc ANSWERc -
Thec amountc ofc bloodc withinc thec arterialc space-
ECFc changesc willc causec changesc inc thec EABVc inc thec samec direction
