ACS BIOCHEMISTRY PRACTICE FINAL
FGCU BEHARRY COTICONE PACKAGE
DEAL CERTIFICATION REVIEW 2026
PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Oxidizing vs. reducing agent.
Answer: The oxidizing agent is a substance that causes oxidation by
accepting electrons. It is reduced in the reaction.
The reducing agent is a substance that causes reduction by losing
electrons. It is oxidized in the reaction.
⩥ Oligosaccharides, and how they are formed.
Answer: Short (3-10) monosaccharide chains.
Monosaccharides can be linked when the -OH group of one sugar reacts
with the anomeric (aldose/ketose) carbon of the other
(alcohol+hemiacetal-->acetal).
**The end of the monosaccharide with the free hemi-acetal is the
reducing end**
,⩥ Lactose: example of a disaccharide.
Answer: Lactose consists of two monosaccharides (galactopyranosyl and
glucopyranose) connected via beta (1,4) linkage (the OH group on the
free hemiacetal end points up, and the link is between C1 and C4).
⩥ Sucrose: example of disaccharide.
Answer: Sucrose consists of two monosaccharides (glucose and
fructofuranose) connected via alpha 1 beta 2 linkage (no reducing end,
but carbon 2's OH points up and carbon 1's OH points down).
**no reducing end because anomeric carbon is linked to glucose)**
⩥ Polysaccharides.
Answer: Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two
monosaccharides.
There are two kinds:
Homopolysaccharides: made up of the same monosaccharides, they can
be branched or unbranched.
Heteropolysaccharides: made up of two or more monosaccharide types,
they can be branched or unbranched.
,⩥ Polysaccharide example: starch.
Answer: Starch is the chosen form of energy storage in plants.
It is a linear glucose polymer, connected by alpha 1, 4 linkages (both C1
and C4 have OH groups facing down).
⩥ Polysaccharide example: amylose.
Answer: A branched glucose polymer with alpha 1 4 linked chains with
alpha 1 6 branches.
⩥ Polysaccharide example: glycogen.
Answer: Glycogen is the preferred method of energy storage in animals.
It has alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkages and alpha 1,6 glycosidic branches
occurring about every ten units.
⩥ Polysaccharide example: cellulose.
Answer: Cellulose is a linear glucose polymer involved in plant
structure.
It has beta 1,4 linkages that favor straight chains and long fibers. This
contributes to VERY strong intra and interchain hydrogen bonds,
making cellulose very hard for humans to digest and use.
, ⩥ Polysaccharide example: Chitin.
Answer: Chitin is a linear polymer of N-acetylglucosamine that makes
up the exoskeletons of anthropods.
Its monomers are connected by beta 1,4 linkages.
⩥ Polysaccharide example: glucosoaminoglycans.
Answer: Integral building blocks of the extracellular matrix, or ECM,
which is the complex meshwork outside cells that provides cellular
scaffolding and is crucial in tissue development and homeostasis. They
serve as cartilage shock absorbers, eyeball lubricant, and a method by
which skin can retain moisture.
They are heteropolymers of amino sugars and negatively charged sugars
(sulfate groups and/or carboxylate groups). They have lots of negative
charges, so the chain forms an extended rod-like helix that attracts Na+
ions and H2O.
⩥ Glycoproteins.
Answer: proteins with one more more oligosaccharides attached.
They are often on the surface of cells, as in blood group markers!
FGCU BEHARRY COTICONE PACKAGE
DEAL CERTIFICATION REVIEW 2026
PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Oxidizing vs. reducing agent.
Answer: The oxidizing agent is a substance that causes oxidation by
accepting electrons. It is reduced in the reaction.
The reducing agent is a substance that causes reduction by losing
electrons. It is oxidized in the reaction.
⩥ Oligosaccharides, and how they are formed.
Answer: Short (3-10) monosaccharide chains.
Monosaccharides can be linked when the -OH group of one sugar reacts
with the anomeric (aldose/ketose) carbon of the other
(alcohol+hemiacetal-->acetal).
**The end of the monosaccharide with the free hemi-acetal is the
reducing end**
,⩥ Lactose: example of a disaccharide.
Answer: Lactose consists of two monosaccharides (galactopyranosyl and
glucopyranose) connected via beta (1,4) linkage (the OH group on the
free hemiacetal end points up, and the link is between C1 and C4).
⩥ Sucrose: example of disaccharide.
Answer: Sucrose consists of two monosaccharides (glucose and
fructofuranose) connected via alpha 1 beta 2 linkage (no reducing end,
but carbon 2's OH points up and carbon 1's OH points down).
**no reducing end because anomeric carbon is linked to glucose)**
⩥ Polysaccharides.
Answer: Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two
monosaccharides.
There are two kinds:
Homopolysaccharides: made up of the same monosaccharides, they can
be branched or unbranched.
Heteropolysaccharides: made up of two or more monosaccharide types,
they can be branched or unbranched.
,⩥ Polysaccharide example: starch.
Answer: Starch is the chosen form of energy storage in plants.
It is a linear glucose polymer, connected by alpha 1, 4 linkages (both C1
and C4 have OH groups facing down).
⩥ Polysaccharide example: amylose.
Answer: A branched glucose polymer with alpha 1 4 linked chains with
alpha 1 6 branches.
⩥ Polysaccharide example: glycogen.
Answer: Glycogen is the preferred method of energy storage in animals.
It has alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkages and alpha 1,6 glycosidic branches
occurring about every ten units.
⩥ Polysaccharide example: cellulose.
Answer: Cellulose is a linear glucose polymer involved in plant
structure.
It has beta 1,4 linkages that favor straight chains and long fibers. This
contributes to VERY strong intra and interchain hydrogen bonds,
making cellulose very hard for humans to digest and use.
, ⩥ Polysaccharide example: Chitin.
Answer: Chitin is a linear polymer of N-acetylglucosamine that makes
up the exoskeletons of anthropods.
Its monomers are connected by beta 1,4 linkages.
⩥ Polysaccharide example: glucosoaminoglycans.
Answer: Integral building blocks of the extracellular matrix, or ECM,
which is the complex meshwork outside cells that provides cellular
scaffolding and is crucial in tissue development and homeostasis. They
serve as cartilage shock absorbers, eyeball lubricant, and a method by
which skin can retain moisture.
They are heteropolymers of amino sugars and negatively charged sugars
(sulfate groups and/or carboxylate groups). They have lots of negative
charges, so the chain forms an extended rod-like helix that attracts Na+
ions and H2O.
⩥ Glycoproteins.
Answer: proteins with one more more oligosaccharides attached.
They are often on the surface of cells, as in blood group markers!
