CSCP Practice Exam Questions and
Answers Updated 2026
VolumeAgrowthAisAaAkeyAperformanceAindicatorAforAwhichAofAtheAfollowing?A-
AAnswerAProductAmerchandizing
VolumeAgrowthAmeasuresAtheAsuccessAofAmerchandizingAefforts.
CycleAcountingAisAusuallyApairedAwithAwhichAofAtheAfollowingAtoAminimizeAtheAtotalAcostAof
AinventoryAshrinkage?A-AAnswerAABCAinventoryAclassification
InventoryAshrinkageAisA"lossesAofAinventoryAresultingAfromAscrap,Adeterioration,Apilferage,Aan
dAsoAforth"A(APICSADictionary,A16thAedition).AABCAinventoryAclassificationAgroupsAinventoryAi
ntoAcategoriesAofArelativeAvalue,AandAwhenApairedAwithAcycleAcounting,AcanAbeAusedAtoAco
untAAAitemsAmoreAfrequently,AthusAreducingAtheAlikelihoodAofAshrinkageAforAtheAmostAvalu
ableAinventory.
AAsalespersonAmakesAaAdeliveryApromiseAthatAisApriorAtoAtheAcustomer'sAdeliveryArequestAd
ateAbecauseAthisAcustomerAisAinAtheAmostAvaluableAcustomerAsegment.AIfAtheAorderAarrives
AinsteadAatAtheAdeliveryArequestAdate,AtheAcustomerAwillAmostAlikelyAbe:A-
AAnswerAdissatisfiedAdueAtoAheightenedAcustomerAexpectations.
CustomersAhaveAexpectationsAaboutAsupplierAavailability,Aperformance,AandAserviceAreliability.
AOrganizationsAcanAgoAaAlongAwayAtowardAcustomerAsatisfactionAbyAsettingArealisticAexpecta
tionsAwithAtheirAcustomers.AOneAphraseAthatAsumsAthisAupAisAtoAunder-promiseAandAover-
deliver.
AAchainAofAgroceryAstoresAhasAimplementedAaAcustomerAloyaltyAprogramAthatAincludesAsend
ingAcustomersAcouponsAfourAtimesAperAyear.ATheAcouponsAareAforAitemsAeachAcustomerAha
sAfrequentlyApurchasedAinAtheApastAbutAhasAnotApurchasedAinAtheApastAthreeAmonths.AThis
AprogramAwouldAtypicallyAbeAconsideredAanAelementAof:A-
AAnswerAcustomerArelationshipAmanagement.
CustomerArelationshipAmanagementA(CRM)AisAaboutAnurturingAmutuallyAbeneficial,Along-
termArelationshipsAintimateAenoughAtoAprovideAtailoredAsolutionsAtoAmeetAmutualAneeds.AC
RMAprogramsAfocusAmoreAonAtheAcustomer,AwhileAsalesAforceAautomationAisAmoreAcentere
dAonAthoseAtoolsAusedAbyAsalespeople.
,AnAorganizationAautomaticallyAdetectsAwhenAaAfrequentApurchaserAcalls.ATheAcustomerAisAn
otAplacedAonAholdAandAisAofferedAaApurchaseAupgradeAdiscount.AWhichAtypeAofAcustomerAs
egmentationAisAthisAorganizationAusing?A-AAnswerASegmentationAbyAvalue
TodayAmoreAandAmoreAorganizationsAareAtreatingAcustomersAdifferentlyAbasedAonAtheAdiffer
encesAinAtheAcustomers'AcontributionsAtoAtheAbottomAline.ASegmentationAbyAvalueAshowsAa
Acustomer-
drivenAbusinessAwhichAgroupsAareAmostAprofitableAtoAthemAsoAtheyAcanAfocusAmarketingAe
ffortsAonAthoseAcustomers.
WhichAisAaAreverseAlogisticsAbestApracticeAforAanAorganizationAthatAplacesAaAstrategicApriori
tyAonAefficient,Acost-
effectiveAreturnsAprocessingAandAhasAtheAinfrastructureAtoAdoAthisAatAhighAlevelsAofAcustom
erAsatisfaction?A-
AAnswerARetainAtheAfunctions,AbutArestrictAreturnsAprocessingAtoAselectedAfacilities.
WhileAreverseAlogisticsAisAnotAaAcoreAcompetencyAforAmostAorganizations,AthisAorganizationA
appearsAtoAhaveAitAasAaAcoreAcompetencyAandAaAstrategicApriority.ATherefore,AitAshouldAret
ainAtheseAfunctionsAinAhouse.ATheAproductsAinAtheAreverseAchainAwon'tAnecessarilyAmoveAt
hroughAtheAsameAnodesAasAproductsAinAtheAforwardAchainAbecauseAfewer,AandAdifferent,A
warehouses,AmayAbeArequired.
AAmanufacturerAcreatesAaAnewAsupplyAplanAthatAisAalignedAwithAtheAcorporateAstrategy,Ami
ssion,AandAculture.ATheAmanufacturerAmakesAdecisionsAonAusingAcentralizedAvs.Aautonomous
AsourcingAandAplansAforAfutureAgrowth.AHowever,AsoonAafterAtheAplanAisAimplemented,Aunf
oreseenAissuesAbeginAcausingAstockoutsAofAcrucialAsupplies,AdisruptingAtheAmanufacturingApr
ocessAandAcausingAmassiveAlosses.AWhatAisAtheAlikelyAcauseAofAthisAfailure?A-
AAnswerAFailureAtoAconductAaAriskAassessment
TheAunforeseenAissuesAwouldAlikelyAhaveAbeenAidentifiedAandAaccountedAforAhadAtheAorgan
izationAconductedAaAriskAassessment.ATheArisksAofAaAsupplyAplanAmustAbeAspelledAoutAforA
decisionAmakersAatAaAhighAlevel,AincludingAanAassessmentAofAtheAlikelihoodAofAeachArisk,Ait
sAimpactAifAitAoccurs,AandApossibleAmeansAandAcostsAinvolvedAinAmitigatingAtheArisk.AProces
sAchangeArisksAshouldAbeAcalledAout.AContingencyAplansAshouldAbeAincluded.
WhichAofAtheAfollowingAtasksAisAmostAlikelyAtoAbeAperformedAbyAaApurchasingAagent/plann
erAratherAthanAaApurchasingAmanager?A-
AAnswerAResolvingAdiscrepanciesAinAordersAorAaccounts
,PurchasingAmanagersAfocusAonAstrategicAtasksAsuchAasAsupplierAselection,AcontractAnegotiati
on,AandAanalysisAandAevaluationAofAtheAsupplyAsystem.APurchasingAagentsAorAplannersAfocus
AonAplacingAorders,AfollowingAupAwithAsuppliersAasAneeded,AmonitoringAsupplyAneeds,AandA
measuringAsupplierAperformance.
IfAyouAareAtheAsupplyAchainAmanager,AwhereAshouldAyouAbeAlookingAinAtheAsupplyAchainAi
nAorderAtoAgetAtheAbestAviewAofApotentialAchangesAtoAtheAmarket?A-
AAnswerAAtAtheAnextAstopAdownstreamAinAtheAchainAandAatAtheAconsumerAend
WatchAtrendsAinAdemandAatAtheAconsumerAendAofAtheAchain,AnotAjustAatAtheAnextAstopAd
ownstream.AVisibilityAtoAtheAendAofAtheAchainAcanAspeedAupAresponseAtoAchangesAinAtheA
market.
TheAscheduleAwillAnotAallowAexhaustiveAanalysisAofAallAtheAscenariosAthatAtheAteamAknowsA
areAcausingAaAsystemAtoAcrash,AbutAtheyAneedAtoAcorrectAtheAmajorityAofAtheAissues.AWha
tAqualityAtoolAwouldAbestAhelpAthemAfocusAtheirAresources?A-AAnswerAParetoAdiagram
AAParetoAdiagramAvisualizesAtheAcausesAthatAcontributeAtoA80%AofAtheAeffectsA(orAsystemA
crashes).
WhatAtechnologiesAformAtheAfoundationAofAanAintelligentAsupplyAchainAbecauseAoneAprovide
sAinputAdataAatAaAmuchAfinerAgrainedAlevelAofAdetailAthanAotherwiseApossibleAandAtheAoth
erAenablesAeachAobjectAprovidingAthatAdataAtoAhaveAaA"digitalAtwin?"A-
AAnswerAInternetAofAThingsA(IoT)AandAintelligentAassetAmanagementA(IAM)
IoTAdevicesAenableAnetworkingAonAnon-
computerAdevicesAusingAinternetAcommunications.AThisAtechnologyAprovidesAinputAdataAatAa
AmuchAfinerAgrainedAlevelAofAdetailAthanAotherwiseApossible.AIAMAcreatesAaAdigitalAversion
AorA"digitalAtwin"AofAanAindustrialAassetAsoAtheAasset'sAperformanceAandAmaintenanceAstatu
sAcanAbeAupdated.AWhileAblockchainAisAanAenablingAtechnologyAforAanAintelligentAsupplyAch
ain,AitAfulfillsAdifferentAfunctionsAthanAthoseAdescribedAinAtheAquestion.
TheAvoluntaryAinitiativeAforAcompaniesAtoAembrace,Asupport,AandAenactAaAsetAofAcoreAvalue
sAinAtheAareasAofAhumanArights,AlaborAstandards,AtheAenvironment,AandAanticorruptionAisAt
he:A-AAnswerAUnitedANationsAGlobalACompact.
TheAUNAGlobalACompactAisAaAstrategicApolicyAinitiativeAforAbusinessesAthatAareAcommittedA
toAaligningAtheirAoperationsAandAstrategiesAwithAtenAuniversallyAacceptedAprinciplesAinAtheA
areasAofAhumanArights,labor,AtheAenvironment,andAanticorruption.
, WhichAofAtheAfollowingAdescribesAcommercialAbribes?A-
AAnswerATheyAmayAbeAaApayoffAtoAcoverAupAinferiorAproducts.
CommercialAbribesAareAusuallyAaimedAatAcoveringAupAforAanAinferiorAproductAorAobtainingA
newAbusinessAorAproprietaryAinformation.ATheyAcanAalsoAinvolveAindustrialAespionage,Awhere
AsensitiveAinformationAisAstolenAorAkickbacksAorApayoffsAareAmadeAforAtradeAsecretsAorApri
ceAschedules.
AAtoyAmanufacturerAwantsAtoAuseAanAauctionAtoAprocureAaAlargeAshipmentAofAcommonAscr
ewsAatAtheAlowestApossibleAcost.AWhichAtypeAofAauctionAshouldAtheAmanufacturerAuse?A-
AAnswerAReverseAauction
ReverseAauctionsAareAinternetAauctionsAinAwhichAsuppliersAattemptAtoAunderbidAtheirAcomp
etitors;AcompanyAidentitiesAareAknownAonlyAbyAtheAbuyer.ATheAmanufacturerAcouldAdrawAm
ultipleAbidsAforAtheAscrewsAandAdriveAtheAsuppliersAtoAlowerAtheirApricesAtoAtheAlowestAle
velApossible,AsavingAtheAmanufacturerAmoney.
AAsupplyAchainAmanager'sAsuperiorAasksAherAtoAdrawAupAaAprojectAcharterAandAbeAtheApro
jectAmanagerAonAaAprojectAtoAcontinuallyAimproveAinventoryAlevelsAbyAconductingAongoingA
audits.AWhatAshouldAbeAclarifiedAfirst?A-
AAnswerAWhatAwillAtheAendAdateAforAthisAprojectAbe?
AAprojectAisAaAtemporaryAendeavorAwithAaAclearAendAdateAinAmind.AWhatAisAbeingAdescrib
edAisAactuallyApartAofAsupplyAchainAoperationsAratherAthanAaAproject.AAAfewAchanges,Asuch
AasAanAendAdateAandAsomeAmeasurableAobjectives,AcouldAturnAthisAintoAaAproject.
UsingAprimarilyAaApullAsystemAinAtheAdistributionAnetworkAoffersAwhichAofAtheAfollowingAbe
nefitsAtoAtheAsupplyAchainAasAaAwhole?A-
AAnswerASensitivityAtoAdemandsAofAtheAfinalAcustomer
TheAmainAbenefitAofAtheApullAsystemAofAdistributionAisAsensitivityAtoAlocalAcustomerAdeman
d,AsinceAordersAbeginAnearAtheAcustomerAandA"pull"AproductsAfromAupstream.AThisAapproac
hAdoesAnotAfacilitateAcommunication,AeliminateAsafetyAstock,AorAimproveAvisibilityAdownAthe
AchainAbecauseAthereAisAnoAcentralAcoordinationAandAupstreamApartnersAhaveAtoAdependAu
ponAforecastingAtoAplanAforAfutureAordersAratherAthanAuponA(forAexample)AaApredetermined
AproductionAschedule.
Answers Updated 2026
VolumeAgrowthAisAaAkeyAperformanceAindicatorAforAwhichAofAtheAfollowing?A-
AAnswerAProductAmerchandizing
VolumeAgrowthAmeasuresAtheAsuccessAofAmerchandizingAefforts.
CycleAcountingAisAusuallyApairedAwithAwhichAofAtheAfollowingAtoAminimizeAtheAtotalAcostAof
AinventoryAshrinkage?A-AAnswerAABCAinventoryAclassification
InventoryAshrinkageAisA"lossesAofAinventoryAresultingAfromAscrap,Adeterioration,Apilferage,Aan
dAsoAforth"A(APICSADictionary,A16thAedition).AABCAinventoryAclassificationAgroupsAinventoryAi
ntoAcategoriesAofArelativeAvalue,AandAwhenApairedAwithAcycleAcounting,AcanAbeAusedAtoAco
untAAAitemsAmoreAfrequently,AthusAreducingAtheAlikelihoodAofAshrinkageAforAtheAmostAvalu
ableAinventory.
AAsalespersonAmakesAaAdeliveryApromiseAthatAisApriorAtoAtheAcustomer'sAdeliveryArequestAd
ateAbecauseAthisAcustomerAisAinAtheAmostAvaluableAcustomerAsegment.AIfAtheAorderAarrives
AinsteadAatAtheAdeliveryArequestAdate,AtheAcustomerAwillAmostAlikelyAbe:A-
AAnswerAdissatisfiedAdueAtoAheightenedAcustomerAexpectations.
CustomersAhaveAexpectationsAaboutAsupplierAavailability,Aperformance,AandAserviceAreliability.
AOrganizationsAcanAgoAaAlongAwayAtowardAcustomerAsatisfactionAbyAsettingArealisticAexpecta
tionsAwithAtheirAcustomers.AOneAphraseAthatAsumsAthisAupAisAtoAunder-promiseAandAover-
deliver.
AAchainAofAgroceryAstoresAhasAimplementedAaAcustomerAloyaltyAprogramAthatAincludesAsend
ingAcustomersAcouponsAfourAtimesAperAyear.ATheAcouponsAareAforAitemsAeachAcustomerAha
sAfrequentlyApurchasedAinAtheApastAbutAhasAnotApurchasedAinAtheApastAthreeAmonths.AThis
AprogramAwouldAtypicallyAbeAconsideredAanAelementAof:A-
AAnswerAcustomerArelationshipAmanagement.
CustomerArelationshipAmanagementA(CRM)AisAaboutAnurturingAmutuallyAbeneficial,Along-
termArelationshipsAintimateAenoughAtoAprovideAtailoredAsolutionsAtoAmeetAmutualAneeds.AC
RMAprogramsAfocusAmoreAonAtheAcustomer,AwhileAsalesAforceAautomationAisAmoreAcentere
dAonAthoseAtoolsAusedAbyAsalespeople.
,AnAorganizationAautomaticallyAdetectsAwhenAaAfrequentApurchaserAcalls.ATheAcustomerAisAn
otAplacedAonAholdAandAisAofferedAaApurchaseAupgradeAdiscount.AWhichAtypeAofAcustomerAs
egmentationAisAthisAorganizationAusing?A-AAnswerASegmentationAbyAvalue
TodayAmoreAandAmoreAorganizationsAareAtreatingAcustomersAdifferentlyAbasedAonAtheAdiffer
encesAinAtheAcustomers'AcontributionsAtoAtheAbottomAline.ASegmentationAbyAvalueAshowsAa
Acustomer-
drivenAbusinessAwhichAgroupsAareAmostAprofitableAtoAthemAsoAtheyAcanAfocusAmarketingAe
ffortsAonAthoseAcustomers.
WhichAisAaAreverseAlogisticsAbestApracticeAforAanAorganizationAthatAplacesAaAstrategicApriori
tyAonAefficient,Acost-
effectiveAreturnsAprocessingAandAhasAtheAinfrastructureAtoAdoAthisAatAhighAlevelsAofAcustom
erAsatisfaction?A-
AAnswerARetainAtheAfunctions,AbutArestrictAreturnsAprocessingAtoAselectedAfacilities.
WhileAreverseAlogisticsAisAnotAaAcoreAcompetencyAforAmostAorganizations,AthisAorganizationA
appearsAtoAhaveAitAasAaAcoreAcompetencyAandAaAstrategicApriority.ATherefore,AitAshouldAret
ainAtheseAfunctionsAinAhouse.ATheAproductsAinAtheAreverseAchainAwon'tAnecessarilyAmoveAt
hroughAtheAsameAnodesAasAproductsAinAtheAforwardAchainAbecauseAfewer,AandAdifferent,A
warehouses,AmayAbeArequired.
AAmanufacturerAcreatesAaAnewAsupplyAplanAthatAisAalignedAwithAtheAcorporateAstrategy,Ami
ssion,AandAculture.ATheAmanufacturerAmakesAdecisionsAonAusingAcentralizedAvs.Aautonomous
AsourcingAandAplansAforAfutureAgrowth.AHowever,AsoonAafterAtheAplanAisAimplemented,Aunf
oreseenAissuesAbeginAcausingAstockoutsAofAcrucialAsupplies,AdisruptingAtheAmanufacturingApr
ocessAandAcausingAmassiveAlosses.AWhatAisAtheAlikelyAcauseAofAthisAfailure?A-
AAnswerAFailureAtoAconductAaAriskAassessment
TheAunforeseenAissuesAwouldAlikelyAhaveAbeenAidentifiedAandAaccountedAforAhadAtheAorgan
izationAconductedAaAriskAassessment.ATheArisksAofAaAsupplyAplanAmustAbeAspelledAoutAforA
decisionAmakersAatAaAhighAlevel,AincludingAanAassessmentAofAtheAlikelihoodAofAeachArisk,Ait
sAimpactAifAitAoccurs,AandApossibleAmeansAandAcostsAinvolvedAinAmitigatingAtheArisk.AProces
sAchangeArisksAshouldAbeAcalledAout.AContingencyAplansAshouldAbeAincluded.
WhichAofAtheAfollowingAtasksAisAmostAlikelyAtoAbeAperformedAbyAaApurchasingAagent/plann
erAratherAthanAaApurchasingAmanager?A-
AAnswerAResolvingAdiscrepanciesAinAordersAorAaccounts
,PurchasingAmanagersAfocusAonAstrategicAtasksAsuchAasAsupplierAselection,AcontractAnegotiati
on,AandAanalysisAandAevaluationAofAtheAsupplyAsystem.APurchasingAagentsAorAplannersAfocus
AonAplacingAorders,AfollowingAupAwithAsuppliersAasAneeded,AmonitoringAsupplyAneeds,AandA
measuringAsupplierAperformance.
IfAyouAareAtheAsupplyAchainAmanager,AwhereAshouldAyouAbeAlookingAinAtheAsupplyAchainAi
nAorderAtoAgetAtheAbestAviewAofApotentialAchangesAtoAtheAmarket?A-
AAnswerAAtAtheAnextAstopAdownstreamAinAtheAchainAandAatAtheAconsumerAend
WatchAtrendsAinAdemandAatAtheAconsumerAendAofAtheAchain,AnotAjustAatAtheAnextAstopAd
ownstream.AVisibilityAtoAtheAendAofAtheAchainAcanAspeedAupAresponseAtoAchangesAinAtheA
market.
TheAscheduleAwillAnotAallowAexhaustiveAanalysisAofAallAtheAscenariosAthatAtheAteamAknowsA
areAcausingAaAsystemAtoAcrash,AbutAtheyAneedAtoAcorrectAtheAmajorityAofAtheAissues.AWha
tAqualityAtoolAwouldAbestAhelpAthemAfocusAtheirAresources?A-AAnswerAParetoAdiagram
AAParetoAdiagramAvisualizesAtheAcausesAthatAcontributeAtoA80%AofAtheAeffectsA(orAsystemA
crashes).
WhatAtechnologiesAformAtheAfoundationAofAanAintelligentAsupplyAchainAbecauseAoneAprovide
sAinputAdataAatAaAmuchAfinerAgrainedAlevelAofAdetailAthanAotherwiseApossibleAandAtheAoth
erAenablesAeachAobjectAprovidingAthatAdataAtoAhaveAaA"digitalAtwin?"A-
AAnswerAInternetAofAThingsA(IoT)AandAintelligentAassetAmanagementA(IAM)
IoTAdevicesAenableAnetworkingAonAnon-
computerAdevicesAusingAinternetAcommunications.AThisAtechnologyAprovidesAinputAdataAatAa
AmuchAfinerAgrainedAlevelAofAdetailAthanAotherwiseApossible.AIAMAcreatesAaAdigitalAversion
AorA"digitalAtwin"AofAanAindustrialAassetAsoAtheAasset'sAperformanceAandAmaintenanceAstatu
sAcanAbeAupdated.AWhileAblockchainAisAanAenablingAtechnologyAforAanAintelligentAsupplyAch
ain,AitAfulfillsAdifferentAfunctionsAthanAthoseAdescribedAinAtheAquestion.
TheAvoluntaryAinitiativeAforAcompaniesAtoAembrace,Asupport,AandAenactAaAsetAofAcoreAvalue
sAinAtheAareasAofAhumanArights,AlaborAstandards,AtheAenvironment,AandAanticorruptionAisAt
he:A-AAnswerAUnitedANationsAGlobalACompact.
TheAUNAGlobalACompactAisAaAstrategicApolicyAinitiativeAforAbusinessesAthatAareAcommittedA
toAaligningAtheirAoperationsAandAstrategiesAwithAtenAuniversallyAacceptedAprinciplesAinAtheA
areasAofAhumanArights,labor,AtheAenvironment,andAanticorruption.
, WhichAofAtheAfollowingAdescribesAcommercialAbribes?A-
AAnswerATheyAmayAbeAaApayoffAtoAcoverAupAinferiorAproducts.
CommercialAbribesAareAusuallyAaimedAatAcoveringAupAforAanAinferiorAproductAorAobtainingA
newAbusinessAorAproprietaryAinformation.ATheyAcanAalsoAinvolveAindustrialAespionage,Awhere
AsensitiveAinformationAisAstolenAorAkickbacksAorApayoffsAareAmadeAforAtradeAsecretsAorApri
ceAschedules.
AAtoyAmanufacturerAwantsAtoAuseAanAauctionAtoAprocureAaAlargeAshipmentAofAcommonAscr
ewsAatAtheAlowestApossibleAcost.AWhichAtypeAofAauctionAshouldAtheAmanufacturerAuse?A-
AAnswerAReverseAauction
ReverseAauctionsAareAinternetAauctionsAinAwhichAsuppliersAattemptAtoAunderbidAtheirAcomp
etitors;AcompanyAidentitiesAareAknownAonlyAbyAtheAbuyer.ATheAmanufacturerAcouldAdrawAm
ultipleAbidsAforAtheAscrewsAandAdriveAtheAsuppliersAtoAlowerAtheirApricesAtoAtheAlowestAle
velApossible,AsavingAtheAmanufacturerAmoney.
AAsupplyAchainAmanager'sAsuperiorAasksAherAtoAdrawAupAaAprojectAcharterAandAbeAtheApro
jectAmanagerAonAaAprojectAtoAcontinuallyAimproveAinventoryAlevelsAbyAconductingAongoingA
audits.AWhatAshouldAbeAclarifiedAfirst?A-
AAnswerAWhatAwillAtheAendAdateAforAthisAprojectAbe?
AAprojectAisAaAtemporaryAendeavorAwithAaAclearAendAdateAinAmind.AWhatAisAbeingAdescrib
edAisAactuallyApartAofAsupplyAchainAoperationsAratherAthanAaAproject.AAAfewAchanges,Asuch
AasAanAendAdateAandAsomeAmeasurableAobjectives,AcouldAturnAthisAintoAaAproject.
UsingAprimarilyAaApullAsystemAinAtheAdistributionAnetworkAoffersAwhichAofAtheAfollowingAbe
nefitsAtoAtheAsupplyAchainAasAaAwhole?A-
AAnswerASensitivityAtoAdemandsAofAtheAfinalAcustomer
TheAmainAbenefitAofAtheApullAsystemAofAdistributionAisAsensitivityAtoAlocalAcustomerAdeman
d,AsinceAordersAbeginAnearAtheAcustomerAandA"pull"AproductsAfromAupstream.AThisAapproac
hAdoesAnotAfacilitateAcommunication,AeliminateAsafetyAstock,AorAimproveAvisibilityAdownAthe
AchainAbecauseAthereAisAnoAcentralAcoordinationAandAupstreamApartnersAhaveAtoAdependAu
ponAforecastingAtoAplanAforAfutureAordersAratherAthanAuponA(forAexample)AaApredetermined
AproductionAschedule.