WGU C175/D426 DATA
MANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONS
OA EXAM NEWEST 2026
ACTUAL EXAM 2 LATEST
VERSIONS 300 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(100% CORRECT AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS)|ALREADY
GRADED A+
What does Modality refers to? How does it appear on ER diagram? -
ANSWER ✔✔Refers to the MINIMUM number of times an instance in
,one entity can be associated with instance of another entity (minima).
Appears as a 0 or 1 on the relationship line, next to cardinality.
Define: Referential Integrity - ANSWER ✔✔Requires that ALL foreign
key values must either be fully NULL or match some primary key value.
4 Ways Referential Integrity can be violated - ANSWER ✔✔1.
Primary key is updated 2. Foreign key is updated 3. Row containing
primary key is DELETED 4. Row containing foreign key is INSERTED.
Actions to Correct Referential Integrity Violation - ANSWER ✔✔1.
RESTRICT - rejects an insert, update, or delete 2. SET NULL - sets
invalid foreign keys to null 3. SET DEFAULT - sets invalid foreign keys to
a default primary value 4. CASCADE - propagates primary key changes
to foreign keys.
What is an Important aspect of Referential Integrity - ANSWER
✔✔Reference to data in one relation is based on values in another
relation.
What is Broad definition of data - ANSWER ✔✔Raw facts captured
on printed or digital media.
What Data - ANSWER ✔✔Facts that are collected and stored in a
database system.
,Determining characteristic of unstructured data - ANSWER ✔✔It
does not follow a data model.
Flat files - ANSWER ✔✔They contain no internal hierarchical
organization.
Data retrieval before database management systems - ANSWER
✔✔Sequentially from simple files.
Primary Key - ANSWER ✔✔An attribute or group of attributes that
uniquely identify a tuple in a relation.
Foreign Key matching - ANSWER ✔✔A domain of values is
necessary for a primary key in one relation of a database to match with
its corresponding foreign key in another relation of the same database.
Alternate Key - ANSWER ✔✔What uniquely identifies each entity in a
collection of entities but is not the primary key.
Candidate Key - ANSWER ✔✔A set of columns in a table that can
uniquely identify any record in that table without referring to other data.
Database indexing - ANSWER ✔✔The original data is copied to the
index.
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Indexes in physical database design - ANSWER ✔✔To retrieve data
DIRECTLY using a pointer.
Index creation on a database column - ANSWER ✔✔To optimize data
retrievals.
Functional Dependency - ANSWER ✔✔Each value of a column
relates to at MOST one value of another column.
Rules/Appearance of First Normal Form - ANSWER ✔✔- All non-key
columns depend on primary key - Each table cell contains one value - A
table with no duplicate rows.
Rules/Appearance of Second Normal Form - ANSWER ✔✔- When all
non-key columns depend on the WHOLE primary key - Must be in 1NF -
Non-key column can not depend on just one part of a composite key - a
single primary key is automatically in 2NF.
Rules/Appearance of Third Normal Form - ANSWER ✔✔- All non-key
columns depend ONLY on the primary key - Tables are totally free of
data redundancy.
Differences between operational and analytical databases -
ANSWER ✔✔- Volatility - Detail - Scope - History.
MANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONS
OA EXAM NEWEST 2026
ACTUAL EXAM 2 LATEST
VERSIONS 300 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(100% CORRECT AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS)|ALREADY
GRADED A+
What does Modality refers to? How does it appear on ER diagram? -
ANSWER ✔✔Refers to the MINIMUM number of times an instance in
,one entity can be associated with instance of another entity (minima).
Appears as a 0 or 1 on the relationship line, next to cardinality.
Define: Referential Integrity - ANSWER ✔✔Requires that ALL foreign
key values must either be fully NULL or match some primary key value.
4 Ways Referential Integrity can be violated - ANSWER ✔✔1.
Primary key is updated 2. Foreign key is updated 3. Row containing
primary key is DELETED 4. Row containing foreign key is INSERTED.
Actions to Correct Referential Integrity Violation - ANSWER ✔✔1.
RESTRICT - rejects an insert, update, or delete 2. SET NULL - sets
invalid foreign keys to null 3. SET DEFAULT - sets invalid foreign keys to
a default primary value 4. CASCADE - propagates primary key changes
to foreign keys.
What is an Important aspect of Referential Integrity - ANSWER
✔✔Reference to data in one relation is based on values in another
relation.
What is Broad definition of data - ANSWER ✔✔Raw facts captured
on printed or digital media.
What Data - ANSWER ✔✔Facts that are collected and stored in a
database system.
,Determining characteristic of unstructured data - ANSWER ✔✔It
does not follow a data model.
Flat files - ANSWER ✔✔They contain no internal hierarchical
organization.
Data retrieval before database management systems - ANSWER
✔✔Sequentially from simple files.
Primary Key - ANSWER ✔✔An attribute or group of attributes that
uniquely identify a tuple in a relation.
Foreign Key matching - ANSWER ✔✔A domain of values is
necessary for a primary key in one relation of a database to match with
its corresponding foreign key in another relation of the same database.
Alternate Key - ANSWER ✔✔What uniquely identifies each entity in a
collection of entities but is not the primary key.
Candidate Key - ANSWER ✔✔A set of columns in a table that can
uniquely identify any record in that table without referring to other data.
Database indexing - ANSWER ✔✔The original data is copied to the
index.
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Indexes in physical database design - ANSWER ✔✔To retrieve data
DIRECTLY using a pointer.
Index creation on a database column - ANSWER ✔✔To optimize data
retrievals.
Functional Dependency - ANSWER ✔✔Each value of a column
relates to at MOST one value of another column.
Rules/Appearance of First Normal Form - ANSWER ✔✔- All non-key
columns depend on primary key - Each table cell contains one value - A
table with no duplicate rows.
Rules/Appearance of Second Normal Form - ANSWER ✔✔- When all
non-key columns depend on the WHOLE primary key - Must be in 1NF -
Non-key column can not depend on just one part of a composite key - a
single primary key is automatically in 2NF.
Rules/Appearance of Third Normal Form - ANSWER ✔✔- All non-key
columns depend ONLY on the primary key - Tables are totally free of
data redundancy.
Differences between operational and analytical databases -
ANSWER ✔✔- Volatility - Detail - Scope - History.
