H360 Final Exam Question and
answers 100% correct 2025/2026
1. A 26-month-old child displays negative behaviors. The parent says, "My child refuses toilet training
and shouts, 'No!' when given direction. What do you think is wrong?" Select the nurse's best reply.
a. "This is normal for your child's age. The child is striving for independence."
b. "The child needs firmer control. Punish the child for disobedience and say, 'No.'"
c. "There may be developmental problems. Most children are toilet trained by age 2 years."
d. "Some undesirable attitudes are developing. A child psychologist can help you develop a remedial
plan." - correct answer ✔A
(These negative behaviors are typical of a child around the age of 2 years whose developmental task is
to develop autonomy. The remaining options indicate the child's behavior is abnormal.
REF: Pages: 28-30)
2. A 26-month-old child displays negative behavior, refuses toilet training, and often shouts, "No!" when
given directions. Using Freud's stages of psychosexual development, a nurse would assess the child's
behavior is based on which stage?
a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Genital - correct answer ✔B
(In Freud's stages of psychosexual development, the anal stage occurs from age 1 to 3 years and has, as
its focus, toilet training and learning to delay immediate gratification. The oral stage occurs between
birth and 1 year, the phallic stage occurs between 3 and 5 years, and the genital stage occurs between
13 and 20 years.
,REF: Pages: 28-30)
3. A 26-month-old child displays negative behavior, refuses toilet training, and often shouts, "No!" when
given direction. The nurse's counseling with the parent should be based on the premise that the child is
engaged in which of Erikson's psychosocial crises?
a. Trust versus Mistrust
b. Initiative versus Guilt
c. Industry versus Inferiority
d. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt - correct answer ✔D
(The crisis of Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt is related to the developmental task of gaining control
of self and environment, as exemplified by toilet training. This psychosocial crisis occurs during the
period of early childhood. Trust versus Mistrust is the crisis of the infant, Initiative versus Guilt is the
crisis of the preschool and early school-aged child, and Industry versus Inferiority is the crisis of the 6- to
12-year-old child.
REF: Pages: 28-30)
4. A 4-year-old child grabs toys from siblings, saying, "I want that toy now!" The siblings cry, and the
child's parent becomes upset with the behavior. Using the Freudian theory, a nurse can interpret the
child's behavior as a product of impulses originating in the:
a. id.
b. ego.
c. superego.
d. preconscious. - correct answer ✔A
(The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of impulses. The ego acts as a
mediator of behavior and weighs the consequences of the action, perhaps determining that taking the
toy is not worth the parent's wrath. The superego would oppose the impulsive behavior as "not nice."
The preconscious is a level of awareness.
,REF: Pages: 28-30)
5. The parent of a 4-year-old rewards and praises the child for helping a younger sibling, being polite,
and using good manners. A nurse supports the use of praise because according to the Freudian theory,
these qualities will likely be internalized and become part of the child's:
a. id.
b. ego.
c. superego.
d. preconscious. - correct answer ✔C
(In the Freudian theory, the superego contains the "thou shalts" or moral standards internalized from
interactions with significant others. Praise fosters internalization of desirable behaviors. The id is the
center of basic instinctual drives, and the ego is the
mediator. The ego is the problem-solving and reality-testing portion of the personality that negotiates
solutions with the outside world. The preconscious is a level of awareness from which material can be
easily retrieved with conscious effort.
REF: Pages: 26-30)
6. A nurse supports parental praise of a child who is behaving in a helpful way. When the individual
behaves with politeness and helpfulness in adulthood, which feeling will most likely result?
a. Guilt
b. Anxiety
c. Loneliness
d. Self-esteem - correct answer ✔D
(The individual will be living up to the ego ideal, which will result in positive feelings about self. The
other options are incorrect; each represents a negative feeling.
REF: Pages: 26-30)
, 7. A patient comments, "I never know the right answer" and "My opinion is not important." Using
Erikson's theory, which psychosocial crisis did the patient have difficulty resolving?
a. Initiative versus Guilt
b. Trust versus Mistrust
c. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
d. Generativity versus Self-Absorption - correct answer ✔C
(These statements show severe self-doubt, indicating that the crisis of gaining control over the
environment is not being successfully met. Unsuccessful resolution of the crisis of Initiative versus Guilt
results in feelings of guilt. Unsuccessful resolution of the crisis of Trust versus Mistrust results in poor
interpersonal relationships and suspicion of others. Unsuccessful resolution of the crisis of Generativity
versus Self-Absorption results in self-absorption that limits the ability to grow as a person.)
8. Which patient statement would lead a nurse to suspect that the developmental task of infancy was
not successfully completed?
a. "I have very warm and close friendships."
b. "I'm afraid to let anyone really get to know me."
c. "I am always right, so don't bother saying more."
d. "I'm ashamed that I didn't do it correctly in the first place." - correct answer ✔B
(According to Erikson, the developmental task of infancy is the development of trust. The patient's
statement that he or she is afraid of becoming acquainted with others clearly shows a lack of ability to
trust other people. Having warm and close friendships suggests the developmental task of infancy was
successfully completed. The third option suggests rigidity rather than mistrust. The fourth option
suggests failure to resolve the crisis of Initiative versus Guilt.
REF: Pages: 28-30|Page: 35)
9. A nurse assesses that a patient is suspicious and frequently manipulates others. Using the Freudian
theory, these traits are related to which psychosexual stage?
a. Oral
b. Anal
answers 100% correct 2025/2026
1. A 26-month-old child displays negative behaviors. The parent says, "My child refuses toilet training
and shouts, 'No!' when given direction. What do you think is wrong?" Select the nurse's best reply.
a. "This is normal for your child's age. The child is striving for independence."
b. "The child needs firmer control. Punish the child for disobedience and say, 'No.'"
c. "There may be developmental problems. Most children are toilet trained by age 2 years."
d. "Some undesirable attitudes are developing. A child psychologist can help you develop a remedial
plan." - correct answer ✔A
(These negative behaviors are typical of a child around the age of 2 years whose developmental task is
to develop autonomy. The remaining options indicate the child's behavior is abnormal.
REF: Pages: 28-30)
2. A 26-month-old child displays negative behavior, refuses toilet training, and often shouts, "No!" when
given directions. Using Freud's stages of psychosexual development, a nurse would assess the child's
behavior is based on which stage?
a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Genital - correct answer ✔B
(In Freud's stages of psychosexual development, the anal stage occurs from age 1 to 3 years and has, as
its focus, toilet training and learning to delay immediate gratification. The oral stage occurs between
birth and 1 year, the phallic stage occurs between 3 and 5 years, and the genital stage occurs between
13 and 20 years.
,REF: Pages: 28-30)
3. A 26-month-old child displays negative behavior, refuses toilet training, and often shouts, "No!" when
given direction. The nurse's counseling with the parent should be based on the premise that the child is
engaged in which of Erikson's psychosocial crises?
a. Trust versus Mistrust
b. Initiative versus Guilt
c. Industry versus Inferiority
d. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt - correct answer ✔D
(The crisis of Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt is related to the developmental task of gaining control
of self and environment, as exemplified by toilet training. This psychosocial crisis occurs during the
period of early childhood. Trust versus Mistrust is the crisis of the infant, Initiative versus Guilt is the
crisis of the preschool and early school-aged child, and Industry versus Inferiority is the crisis of the 6- to
12-year-old child.
REF: Pages: 28-30)
4. A 4-year-old child grabs toys from siblings, saying, "I want that toy now!" The siblings cry, and the
child's parent becomes upset with the behavior. Using the Freudian theory, a nurse can interpret the
child's behavior as a product of impulses originating in the:
a. id.
b. ego.
c. superego.
d. preconscious. - correct answer ✔A
(The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of impulses. The ego acts as a
mediator of behavior and weighs the consequences of the action, perhaps determining that taking the
toy is not worth the parent's wrath. The superego would oppose the impulsive behavior as "not nice."
The preconscious is a level of awareness.
,REF: Pages: 28-30)
5. The parent of a 4-year-old rewards and praises the child for helping a younger sibling, being polite,
and using good manners. A nurse supports the use of praise because according to the Freudian theory,
these qualities will likely be internalized and become part of the child's:
a. id.
b. ego.
c. superego.
d. preconscious. - correct answer ✔C
(In the Freudian theory, the superego contains the "thou shalts" or moral standards internalized from
interactions with significant others. Praise fosters internalization of desirable behaviors. The id is the
center of basic instinctual drives, and the ego is the
mediator. The ego is the problem-solving and reality-testing portion of the personality that negotiates
solutions with the outside world. The preconscious is a level of awareness from which material can be
easily retrieved with conscious effort.
REF: Pages: 26-30)
6. A nurse supports parental praise of a child who is behaving in a helpful way. When the individual
behaves with politeness and helpfulness in adulthood, which feeling will most likely result?
a. Guilt
b. Anxiety
c. Loneliness
d. Self-esteem - correct answer ✔D
(The individual will be living up to the ego ideal, which will result in positive feelings about self. The
other options are incorrect; each represents a negative feeling.
REF: Pages: 26-30)
, 7. A patient comments, "I never know the right answer" and "My opinion is not important." Using
Erikson's theory, which psychosocial crisis did the patient have difficulty resolving?
a. Initiative versus Guilt
b. Trust versus Mistrust
c. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
d. Generativity versus Self-Absorption - correct answer ✔C
(These statements show severe self-doubt, indicating that the crisis of gaining control over the
environment is not being successfully met. Unsuccessful resolution of the crisis of Initiative versus Guilt
results in feelings of guilt. Unsuccessful resolution of the crisis of Trust versus Mistrust results in poor
interpersonal relationships and suspicion of others. Unsuccessful resolution of the crisis of Generativity
versus Self-Absorption results in self-absorption that limits the ability to grow as a person.)
8. Which patient statement would lead a nurse to suspect that the developmental task of infancy was
not successfully completed?
a. "I have very warm and close friendships."
b. "I'm afraid to let anyone really get to know me."
c. "I am always right, so don't bother saying more."
d. "I'm ashamed that I didn't do it correctly in the first place." - correct answer ✔B
(According to Erikson, the developmental task of infancy is the development of trust. The patient's
statement that he or she is afraid of becoming acquainted with others clearly shows a lack of ability to
trust other people. Having warm and close friendships suggests the developmental task of infancy was
successfully completed. The third option suggests rigidity rather than mistrust. The fourth option
suggests failure to resolve the crisis of Initiative versus Guilt.
REF: Pages: 28-30|Page: 35)
9. A nurse assesses that a patient is suspicious and frequently manipulates others. Using the Freudian
theory, these traits are related to which psychosexual stage?
a. Oral
b. Anal
