Pathophysiology Exam 4 Study Guide Q
& As (Verified Answers) 2026
Renal Anatomy - Correct Answers ✅- Kidneys are located
in the posterior region of the abdomen on either side of the
vertebral column.
- R kidney is slightly lower than the L.
- Each kidney is made of 1 million functional units called
nephrons
Renal Parenchyma - Correct Answers ✅Divided into 3
anatomic sections
- Pelvis: composed of urinary collecting structures called
calyces
- Medulla: middle portion; contains renal pyramids
- Cortex: outer portion; contains glomeruli and nephron
tubules
The Nephron - Correct Answers ✅- Basic structural and
functional unit of the kidney.
- Each kidney has more than 1 million nephrons
- Composted of corpuscle and tubule
Renal Physiology - Correct Answers ✅- Function of kidneys
include the following:
1. Urine formation
2. Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
,Pathophysiology Exam 4 Study Guide Q
& As (Verified Answers) 2026
3. Excretion of waste products of protein metabolism
(nitrogenous water excretion)
5. Hormonal function
6. Protein conservation
Urine formation - Correct Answers ✅- Major function of the
kidney
- Through urine formation, the kidney removes waste
products
- Each minute, 1000-1500 ml of blood pass through the
kidneys
Glomerular Filtration - Correct Answers ✅- Blood pressure
produces glomerular filtrate.
- Filtration fraction is 20% of plasma.
- 48 gallons/day filtrate reabsorbed to 1-2 qt. urine
- Filtering capacity is enhanced by thinness of the membrane
and large surface area of glomerular capillaries. Glomerular
capillary BP is high due to small size of efferent arteriole.
Filtration Membrane - Correct Answers ✅1. Fenestration
(pore) of glomerular endothelial cell: prevents filtration of
blood cells but allows all components of blood plasma to pass
through.
, Pathophysiology Exam 4 Study Guide Q
& As (Verified Answers) 2026
2. Basal lamina of glomerulus: prevents filtration of larger
proteins.
3. Slit membrane between pedicels: prevents filtration of
medium-sized proteins.
Urine Formation - Glomerular Filtration (GFR) - Correct
Answers ✅- High hydrostatic pressure of glomerular
capillaries. Substances are filtered into Bowman's capsule at
a rate of 130 ml/min. Known as the GFR.
- Cells and large plasma proteins are not filtered into the
Bowman's capsule.
- Glomerular filtrate is plasma without the proteins
Net Filtration Pressure - Correct Answers ✅- Glomerular
filtration depends on the 3 main pressures, 1 that promotes
and 2 that oppose filtration.
- Filtration of blood is promoted by glomerular blood
hydrostatic pressure (BGHP) and opposed by capsular
hydrostatic pressure (CHP) and blood colloid osmotic pressure
(BCOP).
- Net filtration pressure (NFP) is about 10 mm Hg.
- NFP = total pressure that promotes filtration
- NFP = GBHP - (CHP + BCOP) = 10 mm Hg
& As (Verified Answers) 2026
Renal Anatomy - Correct Answers ✅- Kidneys are located
in the posterior region of the abdomen on either side of the
vertebral column.
- R kidney is slightly lower than the L.
- Each kidney is made of 1 million functional units called
nephrons
Renal Parenchyma - Correct Answers ✅Divided into 3
anatomic sections
- Pelvis: composed of urinary collecting structures called
calyces
- Medulla: middle portion; contains renal pyramids
- Cortex: outer portion; contains glomeruli and nephron
tubules
The Nephron - Correct Answers ✅- Basic structural and
functional unit of the kidney.
- Each kidney has more than 1 million nephrons
- Composted of corpuscle and tubule
Renal Physiology - Correct Answers ✅- Function of kidneys
include the following:
1. Urine formation
2. Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
,Pathophysiology Exam 4 Study Guide Q
& As (Verified Answers) 2026
3. Excretion of waste products of protein metabolism
(nitrogenous water excretion)
5. Hormonal function
6. Protein conservation
Urine formation - Correct Answers ✅- Major function of the
kidney
- Through urine formation, the kidney removes waste
products
- Each minute, 1000-1500 ml of blood pass through the
kidneys
Glomerular Filtration - Correct Answers ✅- Blood pressure
produces glomerular filtrate.
- Filtration fraction is 20% of plasma.
- 48 gallons/day filtrate reabsorbed to 1-2 qt. urine
- Filtering capacity is enhanced by thinness of the membrane
and large surface area of glomerular capillaries. Glomerular
capillary BP is high due to small size of efferent arteriole.
Filtration Membrane - Correct Answers ✅1. Fenestration
(pore) of glomerular endothelial cell: prevents filtration of
blood cells but allows all components of blood plasma to pass
through.
, Pathophysiology Exam 4 Study Guide Q
& As (Verified Answers) 2026
2. Basal lamina of glomerulus: prevents filtration of larger
proteins.
3. Slit membrane between pedicels: prevents filtration of
medium-sized proteins.
Urine Formation - Glomerular Filtration (GFR) - Correct
Answers ✅- High hydrostatic pressure of glomerular
capillaries. Substances are filtered into Bowman's capsule at
a rate of 130 ml/min. Known as the GFR.
- Cells and large plasma proteins are not filtered into the
Bowman's capsule.
- Glomerular filtrate is plasma without the proteins
Net Filtration Pressure - Correct Answers ✅- Glomerular
filtration depends on the 3 main pressures, 1 that promotes
and 2 that oppose filtration.
- Filtration of blood is promoted by glomerular blood
hydrostatic pressure (BGHP) and opposed by capsular
hydrostatic pressure (CHP) and blood colloid osmotic pressure
(BCOP).
- Net filtration pressure (NFP) is about 10 mm Hg.
- NFP = total pressure that promotes filtration
- NFP = GBHP - (CHP + BCOP) = 10 mm Hg
