ESSENTIALS IN ROLE DEVELOPMENT
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
● 1.Which change represents the primary impetus for the end of the era
of the female lay healer?
1. Perception of health promotion as an obligation
2. Development of a clinical nurse specialist position statement
3. Foundation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives
4. Emergence of a medical establishment. Answer: 4. The emergence of
a male medical establishment represents the primary impetus for the end
of the era of the female lay healer. Whereas lay healers viewed their role
as being a function of their community obligations, the emerging
medical establishment viewed healing as a commodity. The era of the
female lay healer began and ended in the 19th century. The American
Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM) was founded in 1928. The
American Nurses Association (ANA) position statement on educational
requirements for the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) was developed in
1965; the ANA's position statement on the role of the CNS was issued in
1976.
● The beginning of modern nursing is traditionally considered to have
begun with which event?
,1. Establishment of the first school of nursing
2. Incorporation of midwifery by the lay healer
3. Establishment of the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)
4. Creation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM).
Answer: 1. Traditionally, modern nursing is considered to have begun in
1873, when the first three U.S. training schools for nurses opened. The
role of the lay healer as a midwife is documented to have occurred in the
19th century, before the establishment of schools of nursing. The
Frontier Nursing Service (FNS), which provided nurse-midwifery
services, was established in 1925. In 1928, the Kentucky State
Association of Midwives, which was an outgrowth of the FNS, became
the American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM).
● 3. In 1910, which factors most significantly influenced the midwifery
profession? Select all that apply.
1. Strict licensing requirements
2. Negative public perception
3. Dedicated funding for training
4. Poor maternal-child outcomes
5. Mandatory professional supervision. Answer: 2. & 4
In 1910, the midwifery profession was significantly influenced by poor
maternal-child outcomes and a public perception as unprofessional.
, ● 4. Which advanced practice nursing role is unique in that the
practitioners view their role as comprising a combination of two distinct
disciplines?
1. Nurse practitioner
2. Certified registered nurse anesthetist
3. Clinical nurse specialist
4. Certified nurse-midwife. Answer: 4. The role of the certified nurse-
midwife (CNM) is unique in that the CNM views the practice role as
combining two disciplines: nursing and midwifery.
● In the 19th century, which factors led to the administration of
anesthesia by nurses? Select all that apply.
1. Surgeon entitlement to collecting anesthesia fees
2. Collaborative practice between physician-anesthetists and nurses
3. Lack of recognition of anesthesiology as a medical specialty
4. Opposition to anesthesia administration by physicians
5. Formation of a national organization by nurse anesthetists. Answer: 1
&3
Because of a lack of recognition as a medical specialty and the surgeon's
entitlement to collecting anesthesia fees, other physicians had little to no
interest in anesthesia administration
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
● 1.Which change represents the primary impetus for the end of the era
of the female lay healer?
1. Perception of health promotion as an obligation
2. Development of a clinical nurse specialist position statement
3. Foundation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives
4. Emergence of a medical establishment. Answer: 4. The emergence of
a male medical establishment represents the primary impetus for the end
of the era of the female lay healer. Whereas lay healers viewed their role
as being a function of their community obligations, the emerging
medical establishment viewed healing as a commodity. The era of the
female lay healer began and ended in the 19th century. The American
Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM) was founded in 1928. The
American Nurses Association (ANA) position statement on educational
requirements for the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) was developed in
1965; the ANA's position statement on the role of the CNS was issued in
1976.
● The beginning of modern nursing is traditionally considered to have
begun with which event?
,1. Establishment of the first school of nursing
2. Incorporation of midwifery by the lay healer
3. Establishment of the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)
4. Creation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM).
Answer: 1. Traditionally, modern nursing is considered to have begun in
1873, when the first three U.S. training schools for nurses opened. The
role of the lay healer as a midwife is documented to have occurred in the
19th century, before the establishment of schools of nursing. The
Frontier Nursing Service (FNS), which provided nurse-midwifery
services, was established in 1925. In 1928, the Kentucky State
Association of Midwives, which was an outgrowth of the FNS, became
the American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM).
● 3. In 1910, which factors most significantly influenced the midwifery
profession? Select all that apply.
1. Strict licensing requirements
2. Negative public perception
3. Dedicated funding for training
4. Poor maternal-child outcomes
5. Mandatory professional supervision. Answer: 2. & 4
In 1910, the midwifery profession was significantly influenced by poor
maternal-child outcomes and a public perception as unprofessional.
, ● 4. Which advanced practice nursing role is unique in that the
practitioners view their role as comprising a combination of two distinct
disciplines?
1. Nurse practitioner
2. Certified registered nurse anesthetist
3. Clinical nurse specialist
4. Certified nurse-midwife. Answer: 4. The role of the certified nurse-
midwife (CNM) is unique in that the CNM views the practice role as
combining two disciplines: nursing and midwifery.
● In the 19th century, which factors led to the administration of
anesthesia by nurses? Select all that apply.
1. Surgeon entitlement to collecting anesthesia fees
2. Collaborative practice between physician-anesthetists and nurses
3. Lack of recognition of anesthesiology as a medical specialty
4. Opposition to anesthesia administration by physicians
5. Formation of a national organization by nurse anesthetists. Answer: 1
&3
Because of a lack of recognition as a medical specialty and the surgeon's
entitlement to collecting anesthesia fees, other physicians had little to no
interest in anesthesia administration
