NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 2 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes?
adipose/ fat
What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?
myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?
Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain
What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism?
fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss
What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism?
numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms
,What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis?
fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting
What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation?
negative feedback loop
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating
hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins
What is diabetes insipidus?
a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water
loss
clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus
polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia
clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome?
Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo"
hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. -
,Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops
stretch marks - •
ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor -
Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe
psychiatric disturbance -
Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels
clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism
Weakness. -
Fatigue. -
Cold intolerance. -
Constipation. -
Weight gain. -
Depression. -
Joint or muscle pain. -
Brittle fingernails.
clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism
fatigue. -
lethargy. -
sensitivity to cold. -
depression. -
, muscle weakness.
clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism
hypertension and hypokalemia
clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism
High blood pressure. -
Low level of potassium in the blood. -
Feeling tired all the time. -
Headache. -
Muscle weakness. -
Numbness.
What are the functions of the kidneys?
Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins;
blood filtration; activate vitamin D
What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased
stream
What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?
EXAM 2 2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes?
adipose/ fat
What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?
myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?
Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain
What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism?
fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss
What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism?
numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms
,What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis?
fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting
What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation?
negative feedback loop
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating
hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins
What is diabetes insipidus?
a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water
loss
clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus
polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia
clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome?
Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo"
hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. -
,Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops
stretch marks - •
ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor -
Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe
psychiatric disturbance -
Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels
clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism
Weakness. -
Fatigue. -
Cold intolerance. -
Constipation. -
Weight gain. -
Depression. -
Joint or muscle pain. -
Brittle fingernails.
clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism
fatigue. -
lethargy. -
sensitivity to cold. -
depression. -
, muscle weakness.
clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism
hypertension and hypokalemia
clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism
High blood pressure. -
Low level of potassium in the blood. -
Feeling tired all the time. -
Headache. -
Muscle weakness. -
Numbness.
What are the functions of the kidneys?
Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins;
blood filtration; activate vitamin D
What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased
stream
What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?
