NR605/NR 605 Final Exam 2025/2026
Questions and Answers Well Elaborated A+
Graded Actual Exam Ohio State University
MI Phases of the Change Process
-engagement
• establishment of trust & a helping relationship between the therapist & client
• uses reflections that communicate understanding
-focusing
• identification of the direction or target of the change
• uses open-ended questions
-evoking
• identifying the client's motivation for change and evoking hope
• uses reflections and summaries
-planning
• creating a plan for change
acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
-helps individuals accept life's challenges while focusing on their values and goals
• learning how to relate to thoughts & feelings which impact life rather than changing
those thoughts & feelings
-referred to as a "third wave" CBT therapy
-Accepting reactions and being present
-Choosing a valued direction
-Taking action
-Used for:
• depression, anxiety, substance use, chronic pain, transdiagnostic combinations of
conditions
solution-focused therapy (SFT)
-future-oriented approach
-helps client ID problems & construct solutions that will result in change
-postmodern thinking
,• reality is shaped by multiple and conflicting "truths" & constructed through human
interaction
• there are as many stories of meaning as there are people involved
-fourth force of psychotherapy
• transpersonal, going beyond the ideas of humanness, identity, and self-actualization
-client is considered to be the expert of their lives
-focus from the problem to the solution
-grew out of the work at the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee in the 1970s
• influenced by many psychotherapists, work at the Mental Research Institute in
California, and the philosophies of Buddhism and Taoism
solution-focused therapy Key Concepts and the Role of the Psychotherapist
-Solutions talk
• Shift talk from problems to solutions
-Positive orientation
• Shift focus from problems to new possibilities
-Looking for what is working
• Focus on the exceptions within problem patterns
Indications for SFT
-used for individual or group therapy across settings
• marriage, family, and child therapies
• trauma
• postpartum depression
• depression
• eating disorders
• severe mental illness
how SFT is used to alleviate anxiety
4-Step Approach for Overcoming Anxiety
-Identify the meaningful parts of life that the anxiety is blocking.
-Shift the focus away from the anxiety itself toward the meaningful goal.
-Create a list of positive messages that would motivate you toward that goal.
-Be gentle with yourself - you're not alone. Many of the people you meet may be
working through something similar.
,cognitive-behavioral therapy
-focus on how well individuals can adapt cognitively and functionally to their
environments
-short-term, structured, goal-oriented form of psychotherapy
-stresses necessity of challenging maladaptive thoughts that lead to behavioral
problems
-first emerged in 1955
-most widely practiced psychotherapy
-help clients recognize and address cognitive distortions
• by Albert Ellis, widely known as the grandfather of cognitive behavior therapy
-Beck
• originally trained in psychoanalysis, pioneered cognitive therapy in the 1960s, through
his research on depression
• also developed the popular Depression Inventory instrument
CBT Relationship to Nursing Theory
-Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory
• provides a framework to view CBT as a supportive intervention
• fosters effective self-care behaviors
-Roy's Adaptation Theory
• premise that individuals use coping mechanisms to adapt to stimuli, both internal and
external
• share underpinnings with CBT.
Indications for CBT
-treatment of a wide range of diagnoses
• depression
• anxiety disorders
• substance use disorders
• eating disorders
• severe mental illness
• PTSD
Principles of CBT include:
-way an ind cognitively structures thoughts about self & the world determines how the
ind feels & behaves
-Dysfunctional thoughts are rooted in irrational assumptions
-Dysfunctional thinking and learned patterns of maladaptive behavior contribute to
psychological problems
-Ind's can learn more adaptive behaviors which can relieve symptoms & improve
, quality of life
-CBT is (+) & stresses collaboration & active participation
-CBT includes action plans in the form of therapy homework
Behavioral theory
-Personality is a result of the interaction between an ind. and their environment.
-focus on observable and measurable behavior
-Skinner
• associated with the concept of operant conditioning, using rewards and punishments
to increase or decrease a behavior
-Pavlov
• Russian Physiologist, father of behaviorism, associated with classical conditioning,
Pavlov dog,
Cognitive theory
-Study of mental processes and complex behaviors
-Albert Bandura combines concepts of observing, thinking, and behaving.
-Tying external behaviors in with internal mental processes that facilitate them
• learning, memory, language development, mental problem solving.
Cognitive Distortions
-faulty, exaggerated, or irrational thinking patterns
• cause ind's to inaccurately perceive reality
• lead to (-) emotions & psychopathological states, including depression & anxiety
common cognitive distortions
-Should statement
• "I shouldn't yell at my kids. I should always be able to keep my temper. I'm the adult
here."
-All-or-nothing thinking
• "I got an A- on the biology exam! I never get below an A. I am such a complete
failure!"
-Catastrophizing
• "I know my relationship is in trouble. If my girlfriend leaves, I know I'll never find
someone else and will be alone forever."
-Filtering
• "I just read my student evaluations for the term. While they're almost all positive, one
Questions and Answers Well Elaborated A+
Graded Actual Exam Ohio State University
MI Phases of the Change Process
-engagement
• establishment of trust & a helping relationship between the therapist & client
• uses reflections that communicate understanding
-focusing
• identification of the direction or target of the change
• uses open-ended questions
-evoking
• identifying the client's motivation for change and evoking hope
• uses reflections and summaries
-planning
• creating a plan for change
acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
-helps individuals accept life's challenges while focusing on their values and goals
• learning how to relate to thoughts & feelings which impact life rather than changing
those thoughts & feelings
-referred to as a "third wave" CBT therapy
-Accepting reactions and being present
-Choosing a valued direction
-Taking action
-Used for:
• depression, anxiety, substance use, chronic pain, transdiagnostic combinations of
conditions
solution-focused therapy (SFT)
-future-oriented approach
-helps client ID problems & construct solutions that will result in change
-postmodern thinking
,• reality is shaped by multiple and conflicting "truths" & constructed through human
interaction
• there are as many stories of meaning as there are people involved
-fourth force of psychotherapy
• transpersonal, going beyond the ideas of humanness, identity, and self-actualization
-client is considered to be the expert of their lives
-focus from the problem to the solution
-grew out of the work at the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee in the 1970s
• influenced by many psychotherapists, work at the Mental Research Institute in
California, and the philosophies of Buddhism and Taoism
solution-focused therapy Key Concepts and the Role of the Psychotherapist
-Solutions talk
• Shift talk from problems to solutions
-Positive orientation
• Shift focus from problems to new possibilities
-Looking for what is working
• Focus on the exceptions within problem patterns
Indications for SFT
-used for individual or group therapy across settings
• marriage, family, and child therapies
• trauma
• postpartum depression
• depression
• eating disorders
• severe mental illness
how SFT is used to alleviate anxiety
4-Step Approach for Overcoming Anxiety
-Identify the meaningful parts of life that the anxiety is blocking.
-Shift the focus away from the anxiety itself toward the meaningful goal.
-Create a list of positive messages that would motivate you toward that goal.
-Be gentle with yourself - you're not alone. Many of the people you meet may be
working through something similar.
,cognitive-behavioral therapy
-focus on how well individuals can adapt cognitively and functionally to their
environments
-short-term, structured, goal-oriented form of psychotherapy
-stresses necessity of challenging maladaptive thoughts that lead to behavioral
problems
-first emerged in 1955
-most widely practiced psychotherapy
-help clients recognize and address cognitive distortions
• by Albert Ellis, widely known as the grandfather of cognitive behavior therapy
-Beck
• originally trained in psychoanalysis, pioneered cognitive therapy in the 1960s, through
his research on depression
• also developed the popular Depression Inventory instrument
CBT Relationship to Nursing Theory
-Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory
• provides a framework to view CBT as a supportive intervention
• fosters effective self-care behaviors
-Roy's Adaptation Theory
• premise that individuals use coping mechanisms to adapt to stimuli, both internal and
external
• share underpinnings with CBT.
Indications for CBT
-treatment of a wide range of diagnoses
• depression
• anxiety disorders
• substance use disorders
• eating disorders
• severe mental illness
• PTSD
Principles of CBT include:
-way an ind cognitively structures thoughts about self & the world determines how the
ind feels & behaves
-Dysfunctional thoughts are rooted in irrational assumptions
-Dysfunctional thinking and learned patterns of maladaptive behavior contribute to
psychological problems
-Ind's can learn more adaptive behaviors which can relieve symptoms & improve
, quality of life
-CBT is (+) & stresses collaboration & active participation
-CBT includes action plans in the form of therapy homework
Behavioral theory
-Personality is a result of the interaction between an ind. and their environment.
-focus on observable and measurable behavior
-Skinner
• associated with the concept of operant conditioning, using rewards and punishments
to increase or decrease a behavior
-Pavlov
• Russian Physiologist, father of behaviorism, associated with classical conditioning,
Pavlov dog,
Cognitive theory
-Study of mental processes and complex behaviors
-Albert Bandura combines concepts of observing, thinking, and behaving.
-Tying external behaviors in with internal mental processes that facilitate them
• learning, memory, language development, mental problem solving.
Cognitive Distortions
-faulty, exaggerated, or irrational thinking patterns
• cause ind's to inaccurately perceive reality
• lead to (-) emotions & psychopathological states, including depression & anxiety
common cognitive distortions
-Should statement
• "I shouldn't yell at my kids. I should always be able to keep my temper. I'm the adult
here."
-All-or-nothing thinking
• "I got an A- on the biology exam! I never get below an A. I am such a complete
failure!"
-Catastrophizing
• "I know my relationship is in trouble. If my girlfriend leaves, I know I'll never find
someone else and will be alone forever."
-Filtering
• "I just read my student evaluations for the term. While they're almost all positive, one
