Introduction to Epidemiology Final Exam Study
Guide 2026/2027
⭐ Accurate Questions with Correct Detailed Solutions |
Newest Updated Version | High Pass Success
Prepare with confidence using this comprehensive Final Exam Study Guide 2026/2027,
designed to help students review important concepts, strengthen understanding, and improve
overall exam performance.
This resource includes accurate exam-style questions with correct detailed solutions,
carefully structured to reflect commonly tested topics and current exam standards. Each solution
is clearly explained to help students understand the reasoning behind every answer, reinforce
learning, and improve problem-solving skills.
Whether you are preparing weeks in advance or doing last-minute revision, this guide provides a
simple, organized, and exam-focused approach to studying smarter and achieving better
results.
🔥 Key Highlights
✔ Accurate exam questions covering essential topics
✔ Correct detailed solutions with clear explanations
✔ Focused review of commonly tested concepts
✔ Newest updated version (2026/2027)
✔ Easy-to-follow format for quick and effective revision
🚀 Why This Study Guide Is Effective
• Helps strengthen understanding of key concepts
• Supports fast and efficient revision
• Improves confidence before exams
• Enhances problem-solving and test-taking skills
• Provides realistic exam-style practice
,🎯 Ideal For
• Final exam preparation
• Midterm and course revision
• Practicing exam-style questions
• Last-minute study sessions
• Improving overall academic performance
📚 A trusted and practical study resource designed to help students prepare effectively,
build confidence, and achieve exam success.
Epidemiology
The study of what is upon the people
Epidemiology
Study of the distribution and determinants of disease o health related states and events
in specified populations
Application of Epidemiology
use knowledge to control and prevent disease
Incidence
Occurrence of NEW cases of a disease
Prevalence
# of TOTAL cases (new & existing)
Morbidity
State of being symptomatic or unhealthy # or rate of illness caused by health event
Mortality
Death; # of rate of deaths caused by a health event
Epidemic
Unexpected increase in the number of cases of disease in a specific area
Epidemic is often called an ______
Outbreak
Pandemic
Impacting a wide area, affecting many countries and populations
Pandemic
Exponential spread
Endemic
Consistently present but limited to a particular area
Malaria is present in Africa at all times because of the presence of infected
mosquitoes. Malaria is _____ in Africa
Endemic
,The Ebola virus in parts of Africa is in excess of what is expected for this region.
This virus is a/an ____
Epidemic
COVID-19 emerged as a novel respiratory virus in 2019. It's spread was
considered a/an ______
Pandemic
Descriptive epidemiology
When was the population affected?
Descriptive epidemiology
Where was the population affected?
Descriptive epidemiology
Who was affected?
Analytic epidemiology
How was the population affected?
Analytic epidemiology
Why was the population affected?
Observational Analytical Epi
Identify associations between exposures and outcomes
Observational Analytical Epi Examples
Cohort; Case-Control; Cross-Sectional
Experimental Analytical Epi
Establish causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome
Experimental Analytical Epi Example
Clinical Trials
Risk Ratio (Relative Risk)
Compared outcomes among groups by comparing attack rates
Odds Ratios
Cross-product ratio; best used for estimating risk ratio when you have a rare outcome;
used in case-control studies
Criteria for Causation
Strength of association; consistency; specificity; temporality
Criteria for Causation
Biological gradient; plausibility; coherence; experiment; analogy
Cohort Study
Subjects are categorized on the basis of their exposure to 1+ risk factors
Case-Control Study
Subjects identified as having a disease or condition are compared with subjects without
the same disease or condition
Case Control Studies
Retrospective comparison of cases and non-cases
Case Control Studies
Rates of exposure in individuals who get sick compared to not-sick (control)
Epidemiology in Public Health Practice
Discover the agent, host, and environmental factors impacting health
Epidemiology in Public Health Practice
Determine importance of causes of illness, disability and death
, Epidemiology in Public Health Practice
Identify subpopulations with greatest risk
The Epidemiologic Triangle
1) host 2) agent 3) environment
Host
Human, animal, or vector
Agent
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa
Environment
Water, temperature, season
Step 1 Outbreak Investigation
Est. existence of an outbreak
Step 2 Outbreak Investigation
Preparing for field work
Step 3 Outbreak Investigation
Verifying the diagnosis
Step 4 Outbreak Investigation
Defining and identifying cases
Step 5 Outbreak Investigation
Using descriptive epidemiology
Step 6 Outbreak Investigation
Develop a focused hypothesis
Step 7 Outbreak Investigation
Evaluate the hypothesis for validity
Step 8 Outbreak Investigation
Refine the hypothesis as needed
Step 9 Outbreak Investigation
Implement control and prevention measures
Step 10 Outbreak Investigation
Communicate findings
Common risk factors - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco
use
Childhood risk - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅conditions before birth and early in childhood
influence health in adult life.
Risk accumulation - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Ageing is an important marker of the
accumulation of modifiable risks for chronic disease
Underlying determinants - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅a reflection of the major forces driving
social, economic, and cultural change. I.e. globalization, urbanization, population
ageing, and general policy environment
Guide 2026/2027
⭐ Accurate Questions with Correct Detailed Solutions |
Newest Updated Version | High Pass Success
Prepare with confidence using this comprehensive Final Exam Study Guide 2026/2027,
designed to help students review important concepts, strengthen understanding, and improve
overall exam performance.
This resource includes accurate exam-style questions with correct detailed solutions,
carefully structured to reflect commonly tested topics and current exam standards. Each solution
is clearly explained to help students understand the reasoning behind every answer, reinforce
learning, and improve problem-solving skills.
Whether you are preparing weeks in advance or doing last-minute revision, this guide provides a
simple, organized, and exam-focused approach to studying smarter and achieving better
results.
🔥 Key Highlights
✔ Accurate exam questions covering essential topics
✔ Correct detailed solutions with clear explanations
✔ Focused review of commonly tested concepts
✔ Newest updated version (2026/2027)
✔ Easy-to-follow format for quick and effective revision
🚀 Why This Study Guide Is Effective
• Helps strengthen understanding of key concepts
• Supports fast and efficient revision
• Improves confidence before exams
• Enhances problem-solving and test-taking skills
• Provides realistic exam-style practice
,🎯 Ideal For
• Final exam preparation
• Midterm and course revision
• Practicing exam-style questions
• Last-minute study sessions
• Improving overall academic performance
📚 A trusted and practical study resource designed to help students prepare effectively,
build confidence, and achieve exam success.
Epidemiology
The study of what is upon the people
Epidemiology
Study of the distribution and determinants of disease o health related states and events
in specified populations
Application of Epidemiology
use knowledge to control and prevent disease
Incidence
Occurrence of NEW cases of a disease
Prevalence
# of TOTAL cases (new & existing)
Morbidity
State of being symptomatic or unhealthy # or rate of illness caused by health event
Mortality
Death; # of rate of deaths caused by a health event
Epidemic
Unexpected increase in the number of cases of disease in a specific area
Epidemic is often called an ______
Outbreak
Pandemic
Impacting a wide area, affecting many countries and populations
Pandemic
Exponential spread
Endemic
Consistently present but limited to a particular area
Malaria is present in Africa at all times because of the presence of infected
mosquitoes. Malaria is _____ in Africa
Endemic
,The Ebola virus in parts of Africa is in excess of what is expected for this region.
This virus is a/an ____
Epidemic
COVID-19 emerged as a novel respiratory virus in 2019. It's spread was
considered a/an ______
Pandemic
Descriptive epidemiology
When was the population affected?
Descriptive epidemiology
Where was the population affected?
Descriptive epidemiology
Who was affected?
Analytic epidemiology
How was the population affected?
Analytic epidemiology
Why was the population affected?
Observational Analytical Epi
Identify associations between exposures and outcomes
Observational Analytical Epi Examples
Cohort; Case-Control; Cross-Sectional
Experimental Analytical Epi
Establish causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome
Experimental Analytical Epi Example
Clinical Trials
Risk Ratio (Relative Risk)
Compared outcomes among groups by comparing attack rates
Odds Ratios
Cross-product ratio; best used for estimating risk ratio when you have a rare outcome;
used in case-control studies
Criteria for Causation
Strength of association; consistency; specificity; temporality
Criteria for Causation
Biological gradient; plausibility; coherence; experiment; analogy
Cohort Study
Subjects are categorized on the basis of their exposure to 1+ risk factors
Case-Control Study
Subjects identified as having a disease or condition are compared with subjects without
the same disease or condition
Case Control Studies
Retrospective comparison of cases and non-cases
Case Control Studies
Rates of exposure in individuals who get sick compared to not-sick (control)
Epidemiology in Public Health Practice
Discover the agent, host, and environmental factors impacting health
Epidemiology in Public Health Practice
Determine importance of causes of illness, disability and death
, Epidemiology in Public Health Practice
Identify subpopulations with greatest risk
The Epidemiologic Triangle
1) host 2) agent 3) environment
Host
Human, animal, or vector
Agent
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa
Environment
Water, temperature, season
Step 1 Outbreak Investigation
Est. existence of an outbreak
Step 2 Outbreak Investigation
Preparing for field work
Step 3 Outbreak Investigation
Verifying the diagnosis
Step 4 Outbreak Investigation
Defining and identifying cases
Step 5 Outbreak Investigation
Using descriptive epidemiology
Step 6 Outbreak Investigation
Develop a focused hypothesis
Step 7 Outbreak Investigation
Evaluate the hypothesis for validity
Step 8 Outbreak Investigation
Refine the hypothesis as needed
Step 9 Outbreak Investigation
Implement control and prevention measures
Step 10 Outbreak Investigation
Communicate findings
Common risk factors - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco
use
Childhood risk - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅conditions before birth and early in childhood
influence health in adult life.
Risk accumulation - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Ageing is an important marker of the
accumulation of modifiable risks for chronic disease
Underlying determinants - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅a reflection of the major forces driving
social, economic, and cultural change. I.e. globalization, urbanization, population
ageing, and general policy environment
